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Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Advertising: Understanding and Schematizing the Behaviors of Social Media Users
(Ediciones Univ Salamanca, 2022) Argan, Metin; Dinç, Halime; Kaya, Sabri; Argan, Mehpare Tokay
Nowadays, information technology is not only widely used in all walks of life but also fully applied in the marketing and advertisement sector. In particular, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has received growing attention worldwide because of its impact on advertising. However, it remains unclear how social media users react to AI advertisements. The purpose of this study is to examine the behavior of social media users towards AI-based advertisements. This study used a qualitative method, including a semi-structured interview. A total of 23 semi -structured interviews were conducted with social media users aged 18 and over, using a purposive sampling method. The interviews lasted between 27.05-50.39 minutes on average (Mean: 37.48 SD: 6.25) between August and October 2021. We categorized the findings of the current qualitative research into three main process themes: I) reception; II) diving; and III) break-point. While 'reception' covers positive and negative sub-themes, 'diving' includes three themes: comparison, timesaving, and leaping. The final theme, 'break-point', represents the decision-making stage and includes negative or positive opinions. This study provides content producers, social media practitioners, marketing managers, advertising industry, AI researchers, and academics with many insights into AI advertising.
Perceived constraints and facilitators of participation in physical activity by individuals with autism spectrum disorders
(PROJACK, 2020) Gurkan, Rifat Kerem; Kocak, Funda
Introduction. The purpose of this study is to examine the nature and context of parent perspectives of physical activity for their children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Methods. In the study, one of the qualitative research methods, semi-structured interview technique was used as the research design phenomenology method. In addition to demographic information form, participants were asked about the factors that facilitate or constraints their children's participation in physical activity and the benefits of physical activity. Criterion sampling, one of the purposive sampling methods, was used in the study. The study group consisted of 11 parents whose ages ranged from 37 to 55 years (Mage = 44.09, SD = 6.59) and children participated to physical activity rehabilitation program which was carried out by a special education and rehabilitation center. Thematic analysis method was used for data analysis. Results. Three themes being constraints in physical activity, facilitators in physical activity and benefits of physical activity were reported. In the study, most frequently reported constraints were intrapersonal and the most commonly reported facilitator was also intrapersonal. Parents' opinions suggest that interpersonal factors and structural factors are important for special education students with ASD to continue their participation in physical activity. Conclusion. As a result, it is seen that the parents of individuals with ASD encounter some constraints in directing their children to physical activity, however due to the benefits obtained despite these constraints, their children continue to participate in physical activity.
Work hard, play hard: Leisure satisfaction and work engagement among Turkish women
(Ios Press, 2019) Kara, Feyza Meryem; Gurbuz, Bulent; Oncu, Erman
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found physical activity to be associated with decreased organizational cynicism and low performance OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine work engagement and leisure satisfaction in Turkish women with regard to recreational physical activity participation and marital status, and to test the relationship between age and work experience, work engagement and leisure satisfaction. METHODS: Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS) were administered to assess women workers' work engagement and leisure satisfaction. The sample for this project consisted of 317 women workers living in Turkey Ankara. RESULTS: The analysis indicated that there were statistically significant differences in all sub-dimensions of UWES and LSS between single and married participants, with single participants having higher mean scores. There were also statistically significant differences in "vigor" and "dedication" sub-dimensions of UWES, and in all sub-dimensions of LSS regarding to recreational physical activity participation. The results demonstrated that the mean scores of physically active women are higher than the non-active group. CONCLUSIONS: As a result, the data points to exercise participation as a rich source of information about work engagement and leisure satisfaction, and the positive use of leisure counseling as a work engagement.
Cross-Cultural Validation of the Short Form of the Physical Self Inventory (PSI-S)
(Amer Psychological Assoc, 2018) Morin, Alexandre J. S.; Maiano, Christophe; Scalas, L. Francesca; Asci, F. Hulya; Boughattas, Wissal; Abid, Sami; Probst, Michel
The study examined the cross-cultural validity of the short form of the Physical Self-Inventory (PSI-S) among samples of adolescents speaking French, Dutch, Turkish, Italian, and Arab. A total of 4,867 adolescents (1,173 Belgian Flemish, 598 French, 1,222 Italian, 643 Turkish, 646 Kuwaiti, and 585 Tunisian) completed the original PSI-S version, and a revised version including a positively worded reformulation of the 3 negatively worded PSI-S items. The results supported the factor validity and reliability of revised PSI-S version across all cultural groups, and its superiority when compared to the original version. Compared with confirmatory factor analyses, relying on an exploratory structural equation modeling measurement model resulted in superior solution, and in more cleanly differentiated factors. PSI-S responses proved to be fully invariant across cultural groups, and presented no evidence of differential item functioning as a function of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and sport involvement. However, the results revealed meaningful mean level differences as a function of gender, age, sport involvement, and BMI that were mostly consistent with the results from previous studies.
Validity and reliability of the Very Short form of the Physical Self-Inventory among Turkish adolescents
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Asci, F. Hulya; Maiano, Christophe; Morin, Alexandre J. S.; Caglar, Emine; Bilgili, Naile
The study aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Very Short form of the Physical Self-Inventory (PSI-VS) among a sample of 635 Turkish adolescents. These adolescents have completed the 12 original items of the PSI-VS, plus a positively worded reformulation of the single reverse-keyed item of the physical attractiveness subscale. A series of confirmatory factor analyses was used to examine the psychometric properties of the original and modified versions of the PSI-VS. Findings revealed superior psychometric properties with the modified version than with the original set of items. The modified version was thus subsequently used to examine its factor structure invariance across sexes, age groups and sport practice involvement. Results not only report that this version was fully invariant across, but also that latent means were significantly different across sexes and sport practice involvement. In sum, the Turkish modified version of the PSI-VS presents acceptable psychometric properties and may be used to repeatedly and/or intensively assess participants' physical self-perceptions in the context of sport and exercise interventions.
Reliability and Validity of a New Test of Agility and Skill for Female Amateur Soccer Players
(De Gruyter Open Ltd, 2017) Kutlu, Mehmet; Yapici, Hakan; Yilmaz, Abdullah
The aim of this study was to evaluate the Agility and Skill Test, which had been recently developed to assess agility and skill in female athletes. Following a 10 min warm-up, two trials to test the reliability and validity of the test were conducted one week apart. Measurements were collected to compare soccer players' physical performance in a 20 m sprint, a T-Drill test, the Illinois Agility Run Test, change-of-direction and acceleration, as well as agility and skill. All tests were completed following the same order. Thirty-four amateur female soccer players were recruited (age = 20.8 +/- 1.9 years; body height = 166 +/- 6.9 cm; body mass = 55.5 +/- 5.8 kg). To determine the reliability and usefulness of these tests, paired sample t-tests, intra-class correlation coefficients, typical error, coefficient of variation, and differences between the typical error and smallest worthwhile change statistics were computed. Test results showed no significant differences between the two sessions (p > 0.01). There were higher intra-class correlations between the test and retest values (r = 0.94-0.99) for all tests. Typical error values were below the smallest worthwhile change, indicating `good' usefulness for these tests. A near perfect Pearson correlation between the Agility and Skill Test (r = 0.98) was found, and there were moderate-to-large levels of correlation between the Agility and Skill Test and other measures (r = 0.37 to r = 0.56). The results of this study suggest that the Agility and Skill Test is a reliable and valid test for female soccer players and has significant value for assessing the integrative agility and skill capability of soccer players.
Roles of Perceived Motivational Climates Created by Coach, Peer, and Parent on Dispositional Flow in Young Athletes
(Sage Publications Inc, 2017) Caglar, Emine; Asci, F. Hulya; Uygurtas, Murat
We investigated the contribution of perceived motivational climates created by coach, peer, and parent on the dispositional flow experience of young athletes. Eighty-six female (M-age=14.24, SD=1.38 years) and 134 male (M-age=16.28, SD=1.17 years) athletes completed questionnaires of perceived motivational climates created by coach, peer, and parent and the Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that perceived task-involving coach (=.40, p<.001) and peer (=.28, p<.002) motivational climates were the only significant predictors of dispositional flow. These findings suggest that task-involving motivational climates should be strengthened to increase experience of flow.
Comparison of a New Test For Agility and Skill in Soccer With Other Agility Tests
(De Gruyter Poland Sp Zoo, 2012) Kutlu, Mehmet; Yapıcı, Hakan; Yoncalık, Oğuzhan; Çelik, Serkan
The purpose of this study was both to develop a novel test to measure run, shuttle run and directional change agility, and soccer shots on goal with decision making and to compare it with other agility tests. Multiple comparisons and assessments were conducted, including test-retest, Illinois, Zig-Zag, 30 m, Bosco, T-drill agility, and Wingate peak power tests. A total of 113 Turkish amateur and professional soccer players and tertiary-level students participated in the study. Test-retest and inter-tester reliability testing measures were conducted with athletes. The correlation coefficient of the new test was .88, with no significant difference (p> 0.01> 0.01) between the test results obtained in the first and second test sessions. The results of an analysis of variance revealed a significant (p < 0.01) difference between the T-drill agility and power test results for soccer players. The new agility and skill test is an acceptable and reliable test when considering test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability. The findings in this study suggest that the novel soccer-specific agility and shooting test can be utilized in the testing and identification of soccer players' talents.
Screen time of adolescents in an economically developing country: The case of Turkey
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2011) Karaca, Ayda; Caglar, Emine; Bilgili, Naile; Ayaz, Sultan
Background: Most studies of screen time of adolescents have been carried out in well-developed countries. There is little information concerning screen time of adolescents in developing countries such as Turkey. Aim: This study examined the screen time of adolescents with regard to gender, school type and sport participation in Turkey, selected as an example of an economically developing country. Subjects and methods: A total of 916 high school students participated in this study. The household activities and sport indexes of the Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire were administered to the participants. Results: Male students had higher screen time (hours/day) than female students and the screen time of the adolescents was longer at the weekends than on weekdays (p < 0.01). The students attending private schools spent more screen time on both weekdays and weekends than those attending public schools (p < 0.01). The results did not reveal significant screen time differences with regard to participation duration in sport activities (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Male adolescents and students attending private schools had a higher screen time rate than their counterparts, both on weekdays and at the weekend. Participating in sport for different durations did not make any difference to the screen time of these adolescents.
The Psychological Characteristics and Health Related Behavior of Adolescents: The Possible Roles of Social Physique Anxiety and Gender
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2010) Çağlar, Emine; Bilgili, Naile; Karaca, Ayda; Ayaz, Sultan; Aşçı, F. Hülya
The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not the social physique anxiety level and gender have an influence on psychological characteristics and health related behavior of adolescents. Five hundred and ninety eight female (M-age = 14.95, SD = .70 years) and three hundred and eighty four male (M-age = 15.08, SD = .76 years) adolescents voluntarily participated in this study. The Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), three subscales of the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire, and the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale as indicators of psychological characteristics were administered to all participants. The Eating Attitude Test and Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire were used to determine health related behavior. It was found that adolescents with high levels of SPA (HSPA) had more unfavourable eating attitudes, higher scores in socially-prescribed perfectionism, negative global physical self-worth and negative body related perceptions than those with low levels of SPA (LSPA). Physical activity levels of adolescents did not differ in the two SPA groups (high/low level). In addition, male adolescents in the present study were more physically active and had favorable eating attitudes and more positive self-perceptions of body fat and general physical self-worth than their female counterparts.
A differential item functioning analysis of the PSDQ with Turkish and New Zealand/Australian adolescents
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2009) Aşçı, F. Hülya; Fletcher, Richard B.; Çağlar, Emine
Objective: The use of item response theory models (IRT) in sport and exercise psychology has provided some unique insights into the quality of measure especially at the item level Fletcher. R. B. (August 2005). Detecting item bias in physical self-concept: an application of differential bundle functioning. In I Morris, R Terry, S. Gordon, S. Hanrahan, L. Ievleva. G. Kolt, & P. Tremayne (Eds.), Promoting health and performance for life: Proceedings of the ISSP 11(th) world congress of sport psychology [CD-ROM]. Sydney: International Society of Sport Psychology; Fletcher, R. B., & Hattie, J. A. (2004). An examination of the psychometric properties of the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire using a polytomous item response model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 423-446; Fletcher, R. B., & Hattie. J. A. (2005). Understanding gender differences in physical self-concept: an example using multidimensional differential item functioning. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 65, 657-667.]. IRT approaches using differential item functioning (DIF) provide a powerful method to examine the equivalence of item responses across different cultures. Recent advances in DIF methodology. polytomous DIF (PDIF), allow for a more in depth analysis of how items differ between groups at the response option and item level. Method: From a cross-cultural perspective this paper demonstrates the advantages of applying Shealy and Stout's [(1993). A model-based standardization approach that separates true bias/DIF from group ability differences and detects test bias/DTF as well as item bias/DIF. Psychometrika, 85, 159-194.] polytomous simultaneous item bias test (Poly SIBTEST) to the Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) [Marsh, H. W., Richards, G. E., Johnson, S., Roche, L., & Tremayne, R (1994). Physical Self-Description Questionnaire: psychometric properties and a multitrait-multimethod analysis of relations with existing instruments. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 270-305.], using item responses from Turkish and New Zealand/Australian (NZ/A) adolescents. Results: The main findings of this research showed that items biased in favor of New Zealand males and females were more self-referenced, whereas items that showed DIF in favor Turkish males and females were from an external frame of reference. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Recreational Exercise Motives of Adolescents and Young Adults
(Acad Physical Education-Katowice, 2009) Caglar, Emine; Canlan, Yusuf; Demir, Murat
This study examined the motives for taking part in recreational exercise/sporting activities based on a sample of Turkish young people. Secondly, gender and age group differences with motivational dimensions were investigated. A total of 298 members a 6 Youth Centers voluntarily participated in this study. The Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure (REMM) was administered to all participants. Two x two MANOVA revealed significant main effect for gender (p < 0.03) and age group (p < 0.01). Univariate follow-up tests revealed that the significant main effect for gender was attributable to health subscale, and age group differences were correlated with health, body/appearance, social/enjoyment, and skill development subscales (p < 0.01). It can be concluded that health motives were more important for females than males, and motives relating to health, appearance, and social/enjoyment were more important for young adults.
Physical Activity Levels of the Young Adults in an Economically Developing Country: The Turkish Sample
(Acad Physical Education-Katowice, 2009) Karaca, Ayda; Caglar, Emine; Cinemre, Suekrue Alpan
The purpose of this study was to examine the physical activity levels of the young adults in Turkey, selected as all example of all economically developing country. A total of 1027 university students voluntarily participated ill this study. The sport and household activity indexes of the Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire (PAAQ) were administered to the subjects. Student t-test showed gender differences in the intensity of the sport activities index (p<0.001). The results of 2 (gender) x 2 (intensity of sport activities) univariate ANOVA revealed significant gender, intensity differences and significant gender x intensity interaction oil participation duration in the sports activities. This finding showed that males spent more time ill both vigorous and non-vigorous sport activities than females. hi terms of the type of engagement in sport activity, the majority of males primarily played soccer, while females had primarily walked. The Student t test revealed gender differences tit both the duration of housework and sitting ill the house. To conclude, males participated in sport activities with a higher intensity and spent more time oil these activities than females. Oil the other hand, females spent much more tit-tic on housework activities and sitting tit the house than males.
Physical self-concept in adolescence and young adulthood: A comparison of Turkish and German students
(Edizioni Luigi Pozzi, 2008) Aşçı, F. Hülya; Alfermann, Dorothee; Gagar, Emine; Stiller, Jeannine
The purpose of this study was to examine age and gender differences in physical self-concept in two different cultural contexts. This study also aimed to study cultural differences in physical self-concept by comparing German and Turkish adolescents and young adults. 901 Turkish (mean age = 19.3 years, SD = 3.10) and 733 German students (mean age = 19.8 years, SD = 2.97) voluntarily participated in this study. The Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) was administered to all participants to assess their self-perceptions on multiple dimensions of physical self-concept. Results indicated significant differences in the multiple dimensions of physical self between males and females and also between adolescents and young adults favoring males and young adults, Analysis also demonstrated culture differences in which German students had higher perception scores on competence subscales while Turkish students scored higher on the appearance related subscales of PSDQ. Furthermore, significant age group x culture and gender x culture interactions were obtained. In a summary, gender and culture are possible factor that should be considered in the understanding of physical self.
Gender and physical activity level differences in physical self-perception of university students: A case of Turkey
(Edizioni Luigi Pozzi, 2006) Çağlar, Emine; Aşçı, Fevziye Hülya
The primary purpose of the present study was to examine the physical self-perceptions of Turkish university students with regard to gender and physical activity levels. Secondly, the study aimed to examine the most important physical self-perception variables in the prediction of physical activity participation. 466 male (M-age=21.13, SD=2.08 years) and 419 female (M-age=20.75, SD=1.60 years) university students volunteered to participate in this study. The Physical Self-Perception Profile and Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire were administered to participants. 2 x 2 (Female/Male x High/Low Physical Activity Group) MANOVA revealed significant gender and physical activity group differences in physical self-perceptions in favour of mates and high physical activity groups, respectively (P <.01). Univariate analysis of variance revealed that physical activity scores were significantly higher in males. Perceived physical condition and the perceived sport competence were the most important discriminators of physical activity levels for males and females respectively.
Beden Eğitimi Öğretmeni Adaylarının Serbest Zaman Sıkılma Algısı, Yaşam Doyumu ve Sosyal Bağlılık Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
(2018) Kara, Feyza Meryem; Gürbüz, Bülent; Kılıç, Sonnur Küçük; Öncü, Erman
Bu araştırmanın amacı; beden eğitimi öğretmeni adaylarının serbestzaman sıkılma algısı, yaşam doyumu ve sosyal bağlılık düzeylerini bazıdeğişkenlere göre incelemek ve aralarındaki ilişkiyi belirlemektir.Öğretmen adaylarının serbest zamanlarında sıkılma ve doyumsuzlukalgıları ile yaşam doyumları sınıf ve düzenli olarak fiziksel aktiviteyekatılma durumu değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir şekildefarklılaşmazken, sosyal bağlılıkları ise sınıf ve düzenli olarak fizikselaktiviteye katılma durumu değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir şekildefarklılaşmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, birinci sınıfta öğrenim gören vedüzenli olarak fiziksel aktiviteye katılan öğretmen adaylarının sosyalbağlılık düzeylerinin ve ekonomik durumu yüksek olan katılımcılarınyaşam doyum düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır.
"Sporcu Tükenmişlik Ölçeği"nin Türkçe Uyarlaması
(2016) Kelecek, Selen; Kara, Feyza Meryem; Çetinkalp, F. Zişan Kazak; Aşçı, F. Hülya
B u çalışmanın amacı, Raedeke ve Smith (2001) tarafından geliştirilen "Sporcu Tükenmişlik Ölçeği"nin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerliği ve güvenirliğinin test edilmesidir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda "Sporcu Tükenmişlik Ölçeği" 79 kadın, 128 erkek olmak üzere toplam 207 (Ortyaş: 20.57 3.62) sporcuya uygulanmıştır. Sporcu Tükenmişlik Ölçeği 15 madde ve 3 alt boyuttan (Azalan Başarı Hissi, Duygusal/Fiziksel Tükenme ve Duyarsızlaşma) oluşmaktadır ve 5'li Likert tipinde değerlendirilmektedir. Verilerin analizinde, yapı geçerliğine ilişkin olarak doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ve iç tutarlığın belirlenmesi için ise Cronbach Alfa güvenirlik analizi kullanılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, Sporda Güdülenme Ölçeği ve Kendini Fiziksel Algılama Envanteri ile yakınsak geçerlik; Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği ile de eş zamanlı geçerlik test edilmiştir. Yapı geçerliğine ilişkin bulgular, orijinal anketin üç faktör yapısıyla tutarlıdır [SB-?2 (df 66) 185.70, RMSEA 0.06, 0.92]. İç tutarlık katsayılarının ise 0.75 ile 0.87 arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Eş zamanlı geçerlik için yapılan analiz sonucunda Sporcu Tükenmişlik Ölçeği alt boyutları ile Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği'ne ait alt boyutlar arasındaki korelasyon değerlerinin anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür (p.01). Yakınsak geçerlik analizi için ele alınan içsel güdülenme, güdülenmeme ve sportif yeterlik alt boyutları ile Sporcu Tükenmişlik Ölçeği'nin alt boyutları arasındaki ilişkinin de anlamlı olduğu (p.01); ancak dışsal güdülenme alt boyutu ile anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı görülmüştür (p.01).Bulgular Sporcu Tükenmişlik Ölçeği'nin Türkçeye uyarlamasının sporcuların hangi boyutlarda tükenme yaşadıklarını belirlemek için yeterli düzeyde psikometrik özelliklere sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.
Serbest Zamanın Anlamı: Yetişkin Bireyler Örneği
(2018) Kara, Feyza Meryem; Emir, Esra; Gürbüz, Bülent; Öncü, Erman
Bu araştırmanın amacı; yetişkin bireylerin serbest zaman algılarını belirlemek ve bazı bağımsız değişkenlere (cinsiyet, medeni durum, aktivitelere katılım şekli) göre serbest zaman aktivitelerine yüklenen anlamın farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, kolayda örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılan 336 kadın ve 227 erkek yetişkin birey oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, Türkçe adaptasyonu Gürbüz, Özdemir ve Karaküçük (2007) tarafından yapılan “Boş Zamanın Anlamı Ölçeği-BZAÖ” kullanılmıştır. Veriler, betimsel istatistik yöntemler, tek faktörlü MANOVA, ANOVA ve Pearson Korelasyon testleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, katılımcılar için en yüksek puan ortalamasının “İş İlişkisi” boyutunda, en düşük puan ortalamasının ise “Hedef Yönelimi” alt boyutunda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca araştırma sonucunda, katılımcıların “Boş Zamanın Anlamı Ölçeği”nden aldıkları puanların cinsiyet, medeni durum ve aktivitenin programlı olup olmama durumu değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaştığı; eğitim ve gelir durumu değişkenleri ile de arasında anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu görülmüştür.
Türkiye'de Ki Fitness Merkezlerinin Hizmet Kalitesine Yönelik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi
(2015) Soygüden, Aydoğan; Kaya, Sabri; Hoş, Safa
Bu çalışmada; fitness merkezlerinin hizmet kalitesine yönelik düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla, müşteriler tarafından algılanan ve beklenilen hizmet kalite seviyelerine 4 farklı boyut (personel, program, soyunma odaları ve tesis) altında değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Ölçek formunu gönüllü ve eksiksiz dolduran 219 fitness merkezi üyeleri değerlendirilmeye alınmıştır. Çalışmada fitness hizmet kalitesini ölçmek için Lam ve diğ. (2005) tarafından geliştirilen ve Türkçe uyarlaması Gürbüz ve diğ. (2005) tarafından yapılan Hizmet Kalitesi Değerlendirme Ölçeği (SQAS) kullanılmıştır. Hizmet Kalitesi Değerlendirme Ölçeği 4 boyut (Personel, Program, Soyunma Odaları, Tesis) ve 34 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Hizmet kalitesini değerlendirmede Gap Model (Parasuraman, Zeithaml ve Berry, 1988) kullanıldı, bu yöntemle algılama skorları beklenti skorlarından çıkarılarak arasındaki boşluklar tespit edildi. Gruplar arası farklılıkları bulmak için "Paired-Samples "t" test", "Independent Samples "t" test" ve "One way ANOVA" kullanıldı. Elde edilen sonuçlar; algılama ve beklenti skorları arasındaki farklar boyutlar açısından değerlendirildiğinde, tüm boyutların negatif yönde bir farka sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İstatistiksel açıdan ise, personel, program, soyunma odaları ve tesis boyutlarının tamamında anlamlı bir farklılığa rastlanmıştır. Bunlar içerisinde en düşük kalite düzeyine sahip olan boyutun -0,564 birim ile "program" boyutu olduğu görülmüştür. Daha sonra sırasıyla, -0,509 birimlik fark ile "soyunma odası" boyutu, -0,487 birimlik fark ile "personel" boyutu, -0,481 birimlik fark ile "tesis" boyutu gelmektedir. Çalışmada demografik bakımdan değerlendirildiğinde, cinsiyete göre kadın müşterilerin algı ve beklenti birim ortalamaları erkek müşterilere göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Yaş durumuna göre 15-20 yaş arasında çalışmaya katılanların personel ve program skor ortalamaları 31-35 yaş arası çalışmaya katılanların skor ortalamalarına göre daha düşüktür. Eğitim durumuna göre lise ve üzeri eğitim durumuna sahip müşterilerin 4 boyutun hepsinde yüksek beklentiye sahip oldukları görülmüştür.
“Sporcu Bağlılık Ölçeği”nin Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
(2018) Kelecek, Selen; Kara, Feyza Meryem; Aşçı, F. Hülya
Bu araştırmanın amacı, Lonsdale, Hodge ve Jackson (2007) tarafından geliştirilmiş olan “Sporcu Bağlılık Ölçeği” (Athlete Engagement Questionnaire)’nin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğinin test edilmesidir. “Sporcu Bağlılık Ölçeği” 87 kadın (Xyaş: 22.62 2.36), 114 erkek (Xyaş: 23.85 3.07) olmak üzere toplam 201 (Xyaş: 23.32 2.84) sporcuya uygulanmıştır. Sporcu Bağlılık Ölçeği her biri dört maddeden oluşan dört alt boyut (güven, adanmışlık, dinçlik, coşku) olmak üzere toplam 16 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini test etmek için Temel Bileşenler Faktör Analizi Varimaks dönüştürmesi uygulanmıştır. Ölçüt geçerliliğini sınamak amacıyla “Sporcu Tükenmişlik Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin ölçüt geçerliği için Pearson Çarpımlar Moment Korelasyonu, iç tutarlılığı için ise Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. Temel Bileşenler Faktör Analizi sonuçları ile orijinal ölçeğe uygun olarak dört faktör yapısı belirlenmiştir ve maddeler ölçeğin %71.73’ünü açıklamaktadır. Sporcu Bağlılık Ölçeği için hesaplanan iç tutarlık katsayıları 0.75 (adanmışlık) ile 0.92 (güven) arasında bulunmuştur. Sporcu Bağlılık Ölçeği ile Sporcu Tükenmişlik Ölçeği arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı saptanmıştır. Elde edilen analiz sonuçlarına göre, Sporcu Bağlılık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe versiyonunun sporcuların bağlılık düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde kullanılabilir olduğunu göstermekle birlikte, kriter geçerliğinin desteklenmediğini göstermektedir.

Güncel Gönderiler