Avrupa'da din ve vicdan özgürlüğü bağlamında Almanya örneği
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2020
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
Kırıkkale Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Hristiyanlık din olarak gelmiş ve ilk ortaya çıktığı andan itibaren iktidar ile mücadele içerisinde olmuştur. İnsanların yeni dine inanması iktidar güçleri tarafından hoş karşılanmamıştır. Hristiyanlığın peygamberi Hz. İsa, hakkı savunduğu için katledilmiştir. Diğer inanlara baskı ve zulüm başlamıştır. Yeni dine inanan bir avuç insan yeryüzüne dağılmış yeni dini yaymaya başlamışlardır. Yeni dinin kurumsallaşması ve kilisesinin kurulmasıyla, Hristiyanlar kendilerini daha güçlü ifade edebilme imkânı bulmuşlar ve güçlenmişlerdir. Hristiyanlık, devlet dini olmayı başarmış ve büyük Roma Katolik kilisesi ortaya çıkmıştır. Hristiyanlığın devlet dini olması ve güçlenmesi, dini bir anda toplumda her şeyin merkezine oturtmuştur. Din ve devlet arasındaki mücadele boyut değiştirerek, Kilise ve devlet gibi iki kurumsal yapı arasında yaşanmaya başlamıştır. İnananlar ya da inanmayanlar her iki taraftan baskı görmeye başlamışlardır. İktidar ve Kilisenin bir olduğu, iç içe geçtiği Ortaçağ boyunca, gücünü iktidardan alan Katolik kilisesi, insanları inanmaya zorlama konusunda her yolu denemiş, kilise baskı ve zulmün merkezi olmuştur. Fransız ihtilali sonrası Avrupa'da başlayan anayasacılık hareketleri, başta din ve vicdan özgürlüğü olmak üzere, temel haklar ve özgürlükler tartışılmasına sebep olmuş ve bu hareketler 19.yüzyıla damgasını vurmuştur. Her ülke, hem Reform dönemini ve sonrasında yaşanan dönemi farklı tecrübelerle yaşamıştır. Geçmişte Kutsal Roma-Germen İmparatorluğunun temel taşını oluşturan Almanya'da bu dönemde kendi siyasi tecrübesini edinmiştir. Anayasacılık hareketlerinde bu tecrübenin etkisi büyük ölçüde hissedilen Almanya'da din ve vicdan özgürlüğü alanında kendi modelini oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmada, din ve vicdan özgürlüğü alanında, Avrupa'nın kendi tarihi tecrübeleriyle Müslümanlar üzerindeki etkisi incelenmeye çalışılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anayasa, Din Özgürlüğü, İslam, Vicdan Özgürlüğü, Laiklik, İşbirliği Modeli, Reform, Reformasyon, Almanya, Avrupa, Sekülerizm
The struggle between Christianity and political authority started as early as it was revealed. The new religion was not welcomed by the rules of the time. Jesus Christ was condemned to death because he defended the truth. The oppression and persecution of other believers followed. The new religion was spread by a handful of believers. When Christianity was embraced by the Roman Empire, it was institutionalized with the establishment of the Roman Catholic Church, turning Christianity into a state religion. After Christianity had become a state religion, a social structure centered on the religion was created. In the new order, the nature of the struggle between the religion and the state transformed. In the past, that struggle was between the state and the believers. In the new order, it was between the two institutions, the Church and the state. Believers or non-believers were oppressed from both sides. In the Middle Ages the state and the Church became one and intertwined. The Catholic Church, as the seat of temporal as well as spiritual power, tried every way to force people to believe, making the Church the center of oppression and persecution. The constitutionalism movement, which started in Europe after the French Revolution, led to a debate as to fundamental rights and freedoms, especially freedom of religion and conscience. Each country in Europe has its own experience of the Reformation and constitutionalism. Germany, which was the backbone of the Holy Roman Empire, had its own political experience as well. That experience, which was affected by constitutionalism to a great extent, has shaped German approach towards freedoms of religion and conscience, leading to a model specific to Germany. In this study, both Europe's historical experiences regarding freedoms of religion and conscience and their impacts on European Muslims will be examined. KEY WORDS: Constitution, Religious Freedom, Islam, Freedom of Conscience, Laicism, Reform, Reformation, Germany, Europe, Secularism
The struggle between Christianity and political authority started as early as it was revealed. The new religion was not welcomed by the rules of the time. Jesus Christ was condemned to death because he defended the truth. The oppression and persecution of other believers followed. The new religion was spread by a handful of believers. When Christianity was embraced by the Roman Empire, it was institutionalized with the establishment of the Roman Catholic Church, turning Christianity into a state religion. After Christianity had become a state religion, a social structure centered on the religion was created. In the new order, the nature of the struggle between the religion and the state transformed. In the past, that struggle was between the state and the believers. In the new order, it was between the two institutions, the Church and the state. Believers or non-believers were oppressed from both sides. In the Middle Ages the state and the Church became one and intertwined. The Catholic Church, as the seat of temporal as well as spiritual power, tried every way to force people to believe, making the Church the center of oppression and persecution. The constitutionalism movement, which started in Europe after the French Revolution, led to a debate as to fundamental rights and freedoms, especially freedom of religion and conscience. Each country in Europe has its own experience of the Reformation and constitutionalism. Germany, which was the backbone of the Holy Roman Empire, had its own political experience as well. That experience, which was affected by constitutionalism to a great extent, has shaped German approach towards freedoms of religion and conscience, leading to a model specific to Germany. In this study, both Europe's historical experiences regarding freedoms of religion and conscience and their impacts on European Muslims will be examined. KEY WORDS: Constitution, Religious Freedom, Islam, Freedom of Conscience, Laicism, Reform, Reformation, Germany, Europe, Secularism
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hukuk, Law