Ruminant hayvanlarda yüksek nişasta içerikli rasyonlarda nişasta düzeyi ile asidoz arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi
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Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Kırıkkale Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu çalışmanın amacı rasyondaki yüksek nişasta düzeylerinin ruminantlarda subakut asidoz oluşumu üzerine etkileri ve nişastaca zengin farklı tipte nişasta içeren bazı protein ve enerji kaynaklarının ruminal besin madde yıkılımlarını incelemektir. Bu amaçla iki ardışık deneme yapılmıştır. İlk olarak In situ denemede arpa, mısır, yem bezelyesi ve macar fiğine ait besin madde yıkılımları 3 adet, kanüllü, Holstein ırkı 5-6 yaşlı inek kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Yem örnekleri her hayvanın rumeninde 6 tekerrürlü olarak 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 ve 48 saat süre ile inkubasyona bırakılmış ve bu süre sonunda KM, OM, HP ve nişasta yıkılımları ve yıkılım kinetikleri belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra, klasik yedirme denemesi yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, subakut rumen asidozu oluşturmak için % 25 (1. Rasyon-R1), %30 (2. Rasyon-R2) ve %32 (3. Rasyon-R3) oranlarında nişasta içeriğine sahip üç farklı rasyon hazırlanmıştır. Bu rasyonlar, 6 adet, 11-12 aylık yaşlarda, 30-35 kg canlı ağırlığa sahip, Akkaraman ırkı toklulara tekerrürlü 3x3 Latin Kare deneme deseninde hayvanlara yedirilmiştir. Bu denemede hayvanların günlük besin madde tüketimi, besin madde sindirimleri belirlenmiştir. Her periyotta, rumen fermentayon parametreleri (pH, organik asit ve amonyak azotu) yemleme öncesi (0. saat) ve yemleme sonrası 2, 4, 6, 8. saatlerde alınan rumen sıvısında belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca kan gazları ve kan biyokimya parametrelerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yemleme öncesi (0.saat) ve yemleme sonrası 6. saatte kan alınmıştır. Alınan bu kan örneklerinde, biyokimya parametresi olarak, glikoz, total protein, trigliserid, üre, kreatinin ve albümin; kan gazı parametresi olarak ise pH, pCO2, HCO3 ve baz açıklığına bakılmıştır. In situ yıkılım denemesinde, baklagiller arasında 48 saat inkubasyon sonrası KM, OM, HP ve nişasta yıkılım oranları ve yıkılım hızları yem bezelyesinde yüksek, buğdaygillerde KM ve OM'ye ait yıkılım oranları mısırda, HP ve nişasta yıkılım oranları ile tüm besinlerin yıkılım hızları arpada daha yüksek olduğu saptanmştır (P<0.05). Rasyonda nişasta artışına paralel olarak hayvanların günlük besin madde tüketimlerinin azaldığı görülmüştür (P<0.05). Benzer şekilde rasyonun nişasta düzeyindeki artışa paralel olarak nişasta sindirimi dışında diğer besin madde sindirimlerinde genel olarak bir azalma eğilimi görülmüştür (P=0.08). Rumen pH, total organik asit, organik asit oranları arasında genel olarak istatistiksel bir farklılık bulunmamış, yalnızca rumen amonyak düzeyi yemleme öncesi ve hemen yemleme sonrası (2. saat) gruplar arasında farklılık gösterdiği saptanmıştır (P<0.05). Kan pH değerleri ve HCO3 değerleri yemleme sonrası bir azalış gösterirken diğer parametrelerde belirgin bir değişim görülmemiştir. Kan biyokinya parametrelerinden yalnızca kreatinin, R1 grubunda yemleme sonrası istatistiksel olarak azalmış (P<0.01), diğer parametreler arasında farklılık gözlemlenmemiştir. Hiçbir kan parametresinde gruplar arasında farklılığa rastlanmamıştır. Sonuç olarak, ruminant hayvanların rasyonlarında nişasta düzeyinin %25'in üzerine çıkartılmasının genel olarak hayvanların besin madde tüketimini ve besin madde sindirimlerini olumsuz etkilediği ve total olarak hayvanların günlük net besin madde alımlarını azalttığı, aynı zamanda kan pH ve HCO3 düzeylerini azalttığı dolayısı ile subakut asidozis riski oluşturabileceği görülmüştür.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high starch levels in the diet on the formation of sub-acute acidosis in ruminants and the ruminal nutrient degradation of some starch-rich protein and energy sources containing different types of starch. For this purpose, two consecutive trials were conducted. Firstly, the nutrient degradation of barley, corn, fodder pea and Hungarian vetch were determined in the in situ experiment using 3 cannulated, 5-6 years old, Holstein cows. Feed samples were incubated in the rumen of each animal with 6 replications for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours, and at the end of this period DM, OM, CP and starch degradation and degradation kinetics were determined. Then, a classical feeding trial was carried out. For this purpose, three different rations with starch content of 25% (1. Ratio-R1), 30% (2. Ratio-R2) and 32% (3. Ratio-R3) were prepared to induce sub-acute rumen acidosis. These rations were fed to 6 Akkaraman breed animals, aged 11-12 months, with a live weight of 30-35 kg, in a replicated 3x3 Latin Square design. In this experiment, daily nutrient intake and nutrient digestion of animals were determined. In each period, rumen fermentation parameters (pH, organic acid and ammonia nitrogen) were determined in the rumen fluid taken post-feeding at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours. In addition, blood was taken post-feeding at 0 and 6hours in order to determine blood gases and blood biochemistry parameters. In these blood samples, glucose, total protein, triglyceride, urea, creatinine and albumin as biochemistry parameters; pH, pCO2, HCO3 and base excess as blood gas parameters were taken into account. In the in situ degradation experiment, the DM, OM, CP and starch degradation levels after 48 hours of incubation among legumes, and the DM, OM, CP and starch degradation rates were high in fodder peas, whereas the DM, and OM degradation levels after 48 hours of incubation were higher in maize and but the CP, and starch degradation levels and the rates of degradations for all nutrients were higher in barley among graminae. (P<0.05). It was observed that the daily nutrient intake of animals decreased in parallel with the increase in starch in the diet (P<0.05). Similarly, in parallel with the increase in the starch level of the diet, a general decrease trend was observed in digestion of other nutrients except starch digestion (P=0.08). There was no statistical difference in general between rumen pH, total organic acid, organic acid ratios, only rumen ammonia levels were differ between the groups post-feeding at 0 and 2 hours (P<0.05). While blood pH and HCO3 values showed an increase after feeding, no significant change was observed in other parameters. Among the blood biochemistry parameters, only creatine decreased statistically (P<0.01) after feeding in the R1 group, and there was no difference between other parameters. There was no difference between the groups in any of the blood parameters. In conclusion, increasing the starch level above 25% in the rations of ruminant animals adversely affects the nutrient intake and nutrient digestion of animals in general so that it reduces the total daily net nutrient intake of animals. It has been observed that high starch level also reduces blood pH and HCO3 levels, therefore it may pose a risk of sub-acute acidosis.
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of high starch levels in the diet on the formation of sub-acute acidosis in ruminants and the ruminal nutrient degradation of some starch-rich protein and energy sources containing different types of starch. For this purpose, two consecutive trials were conducted. Firstly, the nutrient degradation of barley, corn, fodder pea and Hungarian vetch were determined in the in situ experiment using 3 cannulated, 5-6 years old, Holstein cows. Feed samples were incubated in the rumen of each animal with 6 replications for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours, and at the end of this period DM, OM, CP and starch degradation and degradation kinetics were determined. Then, a classical feeding trial was carried out. For this purpose, three different rations with starch content of 25% (1. Ratio-R1), 30% (2. Ratio-R2) and 32% (3. Ratio-R3) were prepared to induce sub-acute rumen acidosis. These rations were fed to 6 Akkaraman breed animals, aged 11-12 months, with a live weight of 30-35 kg, in a replicated 3x3 Latin Square design. In this experiment, daily nutrient intake and nutrient digestion of animals were determined. In each period, rumen fermentation parameters (pH, organic acid and ammonia nitrogen) were determined in the rumen fluid taken post-feeding at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 hours. In addition, blood was taken post-feeding at 0 and 6hours in order to determine blood gases and blood biochemistry parameters. In these blood samples, glucose, total protein, triglyceride, urea, creatinine and albumin as biochemistry parameters; pH, pCO2, HCO3 and base excess as blood gas parameters were taken into account. In the in situ degradation experiment, the DM, OM, CP and starch degradation levels after 48 hours of incubation among legumes, and the DM, OM, CP and starch degradation rates were high in fodder peas, whereas the DM, and OM degradation levels after 48 hours of incubation were higher in maize and but the CP, and starch degradation levels and the rates of degradations for all nutrients were higher in barley among graminae. (P<0.05). It was observed that the daily nutrient intake of animals decreased in parallel with the increase in starch in the diet (P<0.05). Similarly, in parallel with the increase in the starch level of the diet, a general decrease trend was observed in digestion of other nutrients except starch digestion (P=0.08). There was no statistical difference in general between rumen pH, total organic acid, organic acid ratios, only rumen ammonia levels were differ between the groups post-feeding at 0 and 2 hours (P<0.05). While blood pH and HCO3 values showed an increase after feeding, no significant change was observed in other parameters. Among the blood biochemistry parameters, only creatine decreased statistically (P<0.01) after feeding in the R1 group, and there was no difference between other parameters. There was no difference between the groups in any of the blood parameters. In conclusion, increasing the starch level above 25% in the rations of ruminant animals adversely affects the nutrient intake and nutrient digestion of animals in general so that it reduces the total daily net nutrient intake of animals. It has been observed that high starch level also reduces blood pH and HCO3 levels, therefore it may pose a risk of sub-acute acidosis.
Açıklama
Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Zootekni, Hayvan Besleme ve Beslenme Hastalıkları Ana Bilim Dalı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Veteriner Hekimliği, Veterinary Medicine
