Uluslararası hukukta art niyetli borçlar doktrininin hukuki sorunları
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Date
2016
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Kırıkkale Üniversitesi
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Abstract
Uluslararası hukukta ve uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilerde ''Art Niyetli Borçlar Doktrininin'' ne olduğu, içeriğini ve kapsamı, yüz yıldan fazla bir süredir gerek siyaset bilimciler ve ekonomistler, gerekse uluslararası hukukçular tarafından tartışılmaktadır. Art Niyetli Borçlar Doktrini, 1927 yılında Alexander Nahum Sack tarafından kavramlaştırılmıştır. Sack'a göre ''sözgelimi bir diktatörün kendi şahsi menfaati, kendi halkı aleyhine onlar üzerindeki iktidarını artıracak amaçlarla gibi niyetlerle dışarıdan, ülke adına temin ettiği borçların anapara ve faizlerini geri ödemelerinin ilgili halklara hukuken zorla ödetilemeyeceğini ifade etmiştir. Ayrıca art niyetli borçlar, Sack tarafından ilk ortaya atıldığı günden bu yana uluslararası alanda en çok tartışılan kavramlardan biri olmakla beraber, uluslararası hukukçular arasında da farklı görüşler, farklı yaklaşımlar ve çelişkili yorumlara yol açarak, uluslararası alacaklılar ve borçlu devletler arasında da pek çok sorun ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Bu tartışılan ve çelişkili olan görüşlere bakıldığında bazı uluslararası hukukçular tarafından art niyetli borçlar doktrini aleyhine olarak, bu doktrin uluslararası hukukun kurallarına aykırı olmaktan öte, uluslararası ekonomik ilişkilere bir meydan okuma olarak görülmüş, bu doktrini desteklemek üzere uluslararası hukukta hiç bir hukuki dayanağı olmadığı öne sürülmüştür. Diğerlerine göre ise, art niyetli borçlar doktrininin uluslararası hukukun kuralları temelinde pek çok hukuki dayanağı olduğu ifade edilerek, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel insan hakları başta olmak üzere, insan hakların ihlallerine karşı diğer uluslararası hukukun doktrinlerinde olduğu gibi art niyetli borçlar doktrinine de hukuki ve ahlaki çerçevede ihtiyaç duyulduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bu tezin amacı "art niyetli borçlar doktrinini" farklı tarihsel dönemlere göre incelemek, doktrinin geçirdiği değişiklikleri irdelemek ve uluslararası insan hakları hukukunun kuralları başta olmak üzere uluslararası hukukun kurallarına dayanarak, art niyetli borçlar doktrinini meşru kılınması amacıyla hukuki dayanakların belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Ayrıca çalışmada karşılaştırmalı yöntemi kullanılarak, art niyetli doktrinin farklı dönemlerde uluslararası toplum ve devletler tarafından nasıl anlaşılmış olduğu; söz konusu uluslararası hukukçuların farklı görüşleri nedeniyle ortaya çıkan hukuki sorunlar üzerindeki etkileri de gösterilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası Hukuk, Art Niyetli Borçlar Doktrini, Sorunlar
In International Law as well in International Economic Relations, ''Odious Debt Doctrine's issues related to its meaning, scope and content, more than one hundred years, are being debated by economists and political scientists as well as by international lawyers. Odious debt doctrine was conceptualized in 1927 by Alexander Nahum Sack. For Sack, "If a despotic power contracts a debt not for the needs and not in the interest of a State but in order to fortify its despotic regime, to suppress the population from its fight, etc., then this debt is odious for the population of the entire State. This debt is not obligatory for the nation... Furthermore Odious debt doctrine, since it was first proposed by Sack, whilst becoming one of the most debated topics in the international arena, leading to different approaches, different perspectives and to controversial interpretations among international lawyers, also it has led to the emergence of many disputes among international creditors and debtors States. Considering these controversial and contradictory opinions, according to some international lawyers, as against of the odious debt doctrine, this doctrine beyond being contrary to the rules of international law, seeing it as a challenge to the international economic relations, it is being argued that there is no legal basis in international law to support this doctrine. According to the other, on the basis of the rules of international law, arguing that there are several legal basis, especially the rules of economic, social and cultural human rights, as the others doctrines of international law, against the violations of human rights within the legal and moral frameworkthe necessity of the doctrine of odious debt is being emphasized. The thesis aims to analyse the odious debt doctrine according to the different periods of its history, to examine the changes through by the doctrine, and especially the rules of international human rights law, in order to legitimate the odious debt doctrine on the basis of the rules of international law, it is being aimed to determine the legal basis. Furthermore, in this study using the comparative method, for different periods how the odious debt doctrine is meant by the international community and States; also the impact on the legal issues that arise because of these different opinions among the international lawyers, is aimed to be explained. Keywords: International Law, Odious Debt Doctrine, Issues
In International Law as well in International Economic Relations, ''Odious Debt Doctrine's issues related to its meaning, scope and content, more than one hundred years, are being debated by economists and political scientists as well as by international lawyers. Odious debt doctrine was conceptualized in 1927 by Alexander Nahum Sack. For Sack, "If a despotic power contracts a debt not for the needs and not in the interest of a State but in order to fortify its despotic regime, to suppress the population from its fight, etc., then this debt is odious for the population of the entire State. This debt is not obligatory for the nation... Furthermore Odious debt doctrine, since it was first proposed by Sack, whilst becoming one of the most debated topics in the international arena, leading to different approaches, different perspectives and to controversial interpretations among international lawyers, also it has led to the emergence of many disputes among international creditors and debtors States. Considering these controversial and contradictory opinions, according to some international lawyers, as against of the odious debt doctrine, this doctrine beyond being contrary to the rules of international law, seeing it as a challenge to the international economic relations, it is being argued that there is no legal basis in international law to support this doctrine. According to the other, on the basis of the rules of international law, arguing that there are several legal basis, especially the rules of economic, social and cultural human rights, as the others doctrines of international law, against the violations of human rights within the legal and moral frameworkthe necessity of the doctrine of odious debt is being emphasized. The thesis aims to analyse the odious debt doctrine according to the different periods of its history, to examine the changes through by the doctrine, and especially the rules of international human rights law, in order to legitimate the odious debt doctrine on the basis of the rules of international law, it is being aimed to determine the legal basis. Furthermore, in this study using the comparative method, for different periods how the odious debt doctrine is meant by the international community and States; also the impact on the legal issues that arise because of these different opinions among the international lawyers, is aimed to be explained. Keywords: International Law, Odious Debt Doctrine, Issues
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Uluslararası İlişkiler, International Relations, ,
