İbn Haldun ve göç
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Tarih
2023
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Kırıkkale Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Göçün tarihi çok eskilere dayansa bile günümüzde göç kavramı yeni bir kavram olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İbn Haldun bu noktada sosyal bilimlerin diğer alanlarında yapmış olduğu çalışmalarla ünlü bir isimken göç ile ilgili tespitlerinin göz ardı edildiği görülmektedir. Bu nedenle göç kavramına İbn Haldun'un gözünden bakmak son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise ilk olarak İbn Haldun'a göre insanlar ve toplumlar neden göç ederler sorusuna bir cevap aramaktır. İkinci olarak ise İbn Haldun'un Mukaddime'de vermiş olduğu göç örnekleri ile modern sosyolojide yer alan göç türleri arasında benzerlikleri tespit etmektir. Çalışmanın önemi ise eski toplumlarda göçlerin nasıl gerçekleştiğini ortaya koyacak olmasıdır. Çalışmanın bir diğer önemi ise İbn Haldun'un perspektifinden göç kavramına ilk defa bir tez çalışmasında yer verilecek olmasıdır. Çalışmanın kavramsal çerçevesinde ise bedevî, hadarî, ümran, asabiyet, refah, emek, istila, sürgün, hicret kavramları sıkça kullanılmıştır. Ana kaynak olarak İbn Haldun tarafından kaleme alınan Mukaddime esas alınacak olduğu için ve kaynağın tarihselliği nedeniyle nitel yöntem tercih edilip metin/doküman analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda ise şu bulgular tespit edilmiştir. İlk olarak insanlar kentsel refahtan faydalanmak için göç etmektedirler. İbn Haldun'a göre bedevîler ilk toplum biçimidir ve gayeleri hadarî toplumlar gibi olmaktır. Bu nedenle sürekli bedevîden hadarîye doğru bir göç söz konusudur. Bedevîlerin refah için yapmış oldukları göç refah göçü olarak adlandırılmıştır. İkinci olarak emeğinin karşılığını alamayan çiftçi ve zanaatkârların diğer toplumlara göç ettiğini ifade eder ve bu bir tür emek göçüdür. Üçüncü olarak bedevîlerin develeriyle çöllerde yapmış oldukları göçlerden örnekler vererek mevsimlik göç örneği vermiştir. Dördüncü olarak ise hadarî ümranların medeni toplum olma yolunda yüksek ve görkemli binalar yapmak için diğer hanedanlıklardan davet ettiği işçiler ise işçi göçünün örneklerini teşkil eder. Beşinci olarak ise baskı ve zulüm nedeniyle hadarî ümrandan diğer toplumlara yapılan nitelikli bürokrat ve yönetici göçleri ise beyin göçü özelliği göstermektedir. Altıncı olarak çöküşteki kentlerde can ve mal güvenliğinin ortadan kaybolması nedeniyle güvenli kentlere doğru kitlesel göç akımının gerçekleşmesidir. Yedinci olarak çöküşteki kentlerden zorunlu ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için kırsala ve köylere doğru tersine göçler gerçekleşmiştir. Sekizinci olarak İbn Haldun devletlerin kuruluş aşamasında istilalarla büyüdüğünü ve bu dönemde yoğun göç aldığını, devletin yıkılış aşamasında ise istilalara açık hale geldiğini ve toplumda can ve mal güvenliğinin olmaması sebebiyle yoğun bir göç verme sürecine girdiğini ifade etmiştir. Dokuzuncu olarak hükümdarlar kendine tehdit olarak gördüğü kendi boyundan rakipleri ve devlet kurulurken eski devletin kadrosunda yer alan bürokratları eski devlete sadık kalacağı düşüncesiyle zorunlu göç çeşidi olan sürgüne yollamışlardır. Son olarak İslam'da Mekke'den Medine'ye yapılan göç hicret olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu çerçevede İbn Haldun'un fikirleri ve değerlendirmeleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Özetle İbn Haldun kavramsal olarak refah göçü, emek göçü, mevsimlik göç, işçi göçü, beyin göçü, tersine göç, kitlesel göç, istila göçü, sürgün, hicret olarak ifade edebileceğimiz konuları, göçe neden olan olguları örnekleriyle ele almıştır. Bu çerçevede İbn Haldun göç türlerinin bir öncüsü sayılabilir.
Even though the history of migration dates back to ancient times, today the concept of migration is defined as a new concept. At this point, while Ibn Khaldun is a famous name for his studies in other fields of social sciences, it is seen that his determinations about immigration are ignored. For this reason, it is extremely important to look at the concept of migration from the eyes of Ibn Khaldun. The aim of this study is to first seek an answer to the question of why people and societies migrate according to Ibn Khaldun. Secondly, it is to determine the similarities between the migration examples given by Ibn Khaldun in Mukaddime and the types of migration in modern sociology. The importance of the study is that it will reveal how migration took place in ancient societies. Another importance of the study is that the concept of migration from the perspective of Ibn Khaldun will be included in a thesis for the first time. In the conceptual framework of the study, the concepts of bedouin, hadarî, umran, asabiyyah, welfare, labor, invasion, exile, migration are frequently used. As the main source will be based on the Muqaddimah written by Ibn Khaldun and due to the historicity of the source, the qualitative method was preferred and the text/document analysis technique was used. As a result of the study, the following findings were determined. First, people migrate to benefit from urban welfare. According to Ibn Khaldun, Bedouins are the first form of society and their aim is to be like traditional societies. For this reason, there is a constant migration from Bedouin to Hadarî. The migration of Bedouins for welfare is called welfare migration. Secondly, it states that farmers and artisans who cannot get paid for their labor migrate to other societies, and this is a kind of labor migration. Thirdly, he gave examples of seasonal migration by giving examples from the migrations of the Bedouins with their camels in the deserts. Fourthly, the workers invited from other dynasties to construct high and magnificent buildings on the way to becoming a civilized society are examples of labor migration. Fifth, the migration of qualified bureaucrats and administrators to other societies due to oppression and persecution shows the characteristic of brain drain. Sixthly, it is the mass migration flow towards safe cities due to the disappearance of life and property security in collapsed cities. Seventh, reverse migrations took place from the declining cities to the countryside and villages to meet their essential needs. Eighthly, Ibn Khaldun stated that states grew with invasions during the establishment phase and received intense immigration in this period, while the state became open to invasions during the collapse phase and due to the lack of security of life and property in the society, it entered an intense migration process. Ninthly, the rulers sent their rivals of their own size, whom they saw as a threat to themselves, and the bureaucrats who were in the staff of the old state when the state was established, to exile, which is a type of forced migration, with the thought that they would remain loyal to the old state. Finally, the migration from Mecca to Medina is considered as the migration in Islam. In this context, the ideas and evaluations of Ibn Khaldun are emphasized. In summary, Ibn Khaldun conceptually discussed the issues that we can express as welfare migration, labor migration, seasonal migration, labor migration, brain drain, reverse migration, mass migration, invasion migration, exile, migration, and the phenomena that cause migration. In this context, Ibn Khaldun can be considered a pioneer of migration types.
Even though the history of migration dates back to ancient times, today the concept of migration is defined as a new concept. At this point, while Ibn Khaldun is a famous name for his studies in other fields of social sciences, it is seen that his determinations about immigration are ignored. For this reason, it is extremely important to look at the concept of migration from the eyes of Ibn Khaldun. The aim of this study is to first seek an answer to the question of why people and societies migrate according to Ibn Khaldun. Secondly, it is to determine the similarities between the migration examples given by Ibn Khaldun in Mukaddime and the types of migration in modern sociology. The importance of the study is that it will reveal how migration took place in ancient societies. Another importance of the study is that the concept of migration from the perspective of Ibn Khaldun will be included in a thesis for the first time. In the conceptual framework of the study, the concepts of bedouin, hadarî, umran, asabiyyah, welfare, labor, invasion, exile, migration are frequently used. As the main source will be based on the Muqaddimah written by Ibn Khaldun and due to the historicity of the source, the qualitative method was preferred and the text/document analysis technique was used. As a result of the study, the following findings were determined. First, people migrate to benefit from urban welfare. According to Ibn Khaldun, Bedouins are the first form of society and their aim is to be like traditional societies. For this reason, there is a constant migration from Bedouin to Hadarî. The migration of Bedouins for welfare is called welfare migration. Secondly, it states that farmers and artisans who cannot get paid for their labor migrate to other societies, and this is a kind of labor migration. Thirdly, he gave examples of seasonal migration by giving examples from the migrations of the Bedouins with their camels in the deserts. Fourthly, the workers invited from other dynasties to construct high and magnificent buildings on the way to becoming a civilized society are examples of labor migration. Fifth, the migration of qualified bureaucrats and administrators to other societies due to oppression and persecution shows the characteristic of brain drain. Sixthly, it is the mass migration flow towards safe cities due to the disappearance of life and property security in collapsed cities. Seventh, reverse migrations took place from the declining cities to the countryside and villages to meet their essential needs. Eighthly, Ibn Khaldun stated that states grew with invasions during the establishment phase and received intense immigration in this period, while the state became open to invasions during the collapse phase and due to the lack of security of life and property in the society, it entered an intense migration process. Ninthly, the rulers sent their rivals of their own size, whom they saw as a threat to themselves, and the bureaucrats who were in the staff of the old state when the state was established, to exile, which is a type of forced migration, with the thought that they would remain loyal to the old state. Finally, the migration from Mecca to Medina is considered as the migration in Islam. In this context, the ideas and evaluations of Ibn Khaldun are emphasized. In summary, Ibn Khaldun conceptually discussed the issues that we can express as welfare migration, labor migration, seasonal migration, labor migration, brain drain, reverse migration, mass migration, invasion migration, exile, migration, and the phenomena that cause migration. In this context, Ibn Khaldun can be considered a pioneer of migration types.
Açıklama
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sosyoloji Ana Bilim Dalı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sosyoloji, Sociology
