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Öğe A compilation answering 50 questions on Monkeypox virus and the current Monkeypox outbreak(Wiley, 2023) Cabanillas, Beatriz; Murdaca, Giuseppe; Guemari, Amir; Torres, Maria Jose; Azkur, Ahmet Kursat; Aksoy, Emel; Vitte, JoanaThe current monkeypox disease (MPX) outbreak constitutes a new threat and challenge for our society. With more than 55,000 confirmed cases in 103 countries, World Health Organization declared the ongoing MPX outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on July 23, 2022. The current MPX outbreak is the largest, most widespread, and most serious since the diagnosis of the first case of MPX in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), a country where MPX is an endemic disease. Throughout history, there have only been sporadic and self-limiting outbreaks of MPX outside Africa, with a total of 58 cases described from 2003 to 2021. This figure contrasts with the current outbreak of 2022, in which more than 55,000 cases have been confirmed in just 4 months. MPX is, in most cases, self-limiting; however, severe clinical manifestations and complications have been reported. Complications are usually related to the extent of virus exposure and patient health status, generally affecting children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised patients. The expansive nature of the current outbreak leaves many questions that the scientific community should investigate and answer in order to understand this phenomenon better and prevent new threats in the future. In this review, 50 questions regarding monkeypox virus (MPXV) and the current MPX outbreak were answered in order to provide the most updated scientific information and to explore the potential causes and consequences of this new health threat.Öğe Adverse effect of VEGFR-2 (rs1870377) polymorphism on the clinical course of COVID-19 in females and males in an age-dependent manner(Elsevier, 2023) Kocakap, Derya Beyza Sayin; Kaygusuz, Sedat; Aksoy, Emel; Sahin, Omer; Baccioglu, Ayse; Ekici, Aydanur; Kalpaklioglu, Ayse FusunThe COVID-19 pandemic has affected people worldwide with varying clinical presentations ranging from mild to severe or fatal, and studies have found that age, gender, and some comorbidities can influence the severity of the disease. It would be valuable to have genetic markers that might help predict the likely outcome of infection. For this objective, genes encoding VEGFR-2 (rs1870377), CCR5D32 (rs333), and TLR3 (rs5743313) were analyzed for polymorphisms in the peripheral blood of 160 COVID-19 patients before COVID-19 vaccine was available in Turkiye. We observed that possession of the VEGFR-2 rs1870377 mutant allele increased the risk of severe/moderate disease in females and subjects >= 65 years of age, but was protective in males <65 years of age. Other significant results were that the CCR5D32 allele was protective against severe disease in subjects >= 65 years of age, while TLR3 rs5743313 polymorphism was found to be protective against severe/moderate illness in males <65 years of age. The VEGFR-2 rs1870377 mutant allele was a risk factor for severe/moderate disease, particularly in females over the age of 65. These findings suggest that genetic polymorphisms have an age-and sex-dependent influence on the severity of COVID-19, and the VEGFR-2 rs1870377 mutant allele could be a potential predictor of disease severity.(c) 2023 Institut Pasteur. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.Öğe Comprehensive genetic analysis of the first near-completegenome of bovine coronavirus and partial genome ofbovine rotavirus in Türkiye through metagenomicsEmel(Ist Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo & Molise G Caporale-Izs A&M, 2024) Aksoy, Emel; Azkur, Ahmet Kurat; Miraloglu, Ibrahim HalilObtaining the complete or near-complete genome sequence of pathogens is becoming increasingly crucial forepidemiology, virology, clinical science and practice. This study aimed to detect viruses and conduct geneticcharacterization of genomes using metagenomics in order to identify the viral agents responsible for a calf's diarrhoea.The findings showed that bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and bovine rotavirus (BRV) are the primary viral agentsresponsible for the calf's diarrhoea. The current study successfully obtained the first-ever near-complete genomesequence of a bovine coronavirus (BCoV) from T & uuml;rkiye. The G+C content was 36.31% and the genetic analysisrevealed that the Turkish BCoV strain is closely related to respiratory BCoV strains from France and Ireland, with highnucleotide sequence and amino acid identity and similarity. In the present study, analysis of the S protein of theTurkish BCoV strain revealed the presence of 13 amino acid insertions, one of which was found to be shared with theFrench respiratory BCoV. The study also identified a BRV strain through metagenomic analysis and detected multiplemutations within the structural and non-structural proteins of the BRV strain, suggesting that the BRV Kirikkale strainmay serve as an ancestor for reassortants with interspecies transmission, especially involving rotaviruses that infectrabbits and giraffesÖğe Development and validation of SYBR Green- and probe-based reverse-transcription real-time PCR assays for detection of the S and M segments of Schmallenberg virus(SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2020) Azkur, Ahmet Kursat; van der Poel, Wim H. M.; Aksoy, Emel; Hakze-van der Honing, Renate; Yildirim, Murat; Yildiz, KaderSchmallenberg virus (SBV), discovered in Germany in 2011, causes congenital malformations in ruminants. Reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) assays based on various segments of SBV have been developed for molecular detection. We developed alternative RT-rtPCR assays for SBV detection to avoid earlier reported mutations and hypervariable regions of the S and M segments of the viral genome. For SYBR Green-based detection of the S segment, theR(2)value and efficiency of the developed assay were 0.99 and 99%, respectively. For probe-based S segment detection, 2 assays were developed; the first had anR(2)value of 0.99 and 102% efficiency, and the second had aR(2)value of 0.98 and 86% efficiency. The probe-based M segment assay had anR(2)value of 1.00 and 103% efficiency. Detection limits of the RT-rtPCR assays with new primer sets were 10(2)and 10(1)copies/mu L for the S and M segments, respectively. Field samples from cattle and sheep were also used for primary validation of the developed assays. Our assays should be suitable for SBV detection in ruminants and for in vitro studies of various SBV strains.Öğe Do CCR5 (CCR5?32) and TLR3 (RS5743313) gene polymorphisms prevent chronic hepatitis B infection?(Wiley, 2023) Tuncel, Burcin; Kaygusuz, Sedat; Kocakap, Derya Beyza Sayin; Aksoy, Emel; Azkur, Ahmet KursatHepatitis B virus (HBV) is still a significant health problem in human. HBV severity or sensitivity of patients may be based on the individual genetic factors significantly. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of CCR5 (CCR5 Delta 32), TLR3 (rs5743313) functional gene polymorphisms, interferon-gamma (IFN-?) level in HBV infection, which are thought to play an important role in innate and acquired immunity in patients who have undergone HBV seroconversion and those who have chronic hepatitis B disease and receive treatment. One hundred patients who are became naturally immune against HBV infection (HBsAg negative, anti-HBc IgG, and anti-HBs IgG positive), and 100 patients with chronic hepatitis B infection (>6 months HBsAg positive) who are receiving oral antiviral therapy were compared for CCR5 Delta 32, TLR3 (rs5743313) genotypes and serum IFN-gamma level. It was found that CCR5 Delta 32 polymorphism (Wt/Delta 32 and Delta 32/Delta 32) was significantly higher in the chronic hepatitis B group (p=0.048) but not for TLR3 gene polymorphism. However, serum IFN-gamma level was significantly higher in the HBV seroconversion group (75 +/- 89ng/ml) than in the chronic hepatitis B group (4.35 +/- 17.27ng/ml) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, a higher CCR5 Delta 32 allele frequency in patients with chronic hepatitis B might be considered as a marker of progression to chronic hepatitis.Öğe Genome characterization of a Turkish bovine rotavirus field isolate by shotgun metagenomics(Springer Wien, 2023) Aksoy, Emel; Azkur, Ahmet KuersatA bovine rotavirus (BRV) isolate from Kirsehir was isolated from feces of a neonatal calf with diarrhea, identified, and sequenced by shotgun sequencing. Its genotype constellation is G10-P[5]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3. The structural genes and the non-structural genes NSP1, NSP3, and NSP4 of the Kirsehir isolate were similar in sequence to those of BRVs identified in Turkey. However, VP2, NSP2, NSP4, and NSP5/6 showed similarity to those of rotaviruses from different animal hosts. These findings not only expand our current understanding of the diversity of rotaviruses but also contribute to our understanding of the evolution of rotaviruses at both the national and global levels and reinforce the significance of conducting further research on rotaviruses in Turkey.Öğe Monkeypox 2024 outbreak: Fifty essential questions and answers(Wiley, 2024) Cabanillas, Beatriz; Murdaca, Giuseppe; Guemari, Amir; Torres, Maria Jose; Azkur, Ahmet Kursat; Aksoy, Emel; Vitte, JoanaAs the world still vividly recalls the previous monkeypox (mpox) outbreak that impacted over 120 countries worldwide with more than 99,000 cases in 2022, we are now facing a second wave of infections from the monkeypox virus (MPXV), characterized by an exponential increase in cases. The current 2024 outbreak has already recorded more than 20,000 cases in Africa, marking a dramatic escalation compared to previous outbreaks. The predominance of the newly identified clade Ib variant, first detected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and now identified across multiple African nations and beyond, underscores its enhanced transmissibility and potential for international spread, evidenced by cases in Sweden and Thailand. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared on August 14, 2024, the current mpox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), calling for heightened global public health measures. The ongoing pattern of unusual, frequent, and extensive outbreaks of mpox with potential global implications poses significant questions. This review addresses, in the format of 50 questions and answers, the 2024 mpox outbreak, detailing its characteristics, epidemiological data, and impact compared to previous outbreaks. It comprehensively explores critical questions related to MPXV virological characteristics, immunological response, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, diagnostics, and available treatments. The review also documents the significant and evolving challenges posed by the current mpox outbreak, highlighting its scale, spread, and public health response.Öğe Monkeypox and other zoonotic poxviruses(Ankara Univ, 2022) Azkur, Ahmet Kursat; Aksoy, Emel; Akdis, CezmiPoxviruses have caused the most important diseases for humanity for a long time. An important triumph was achieved with the eradication of smallpox, defined by the World Health Organization in 1979. Poxviruses include significant agents that cause important animal diseases that are non-zoonotic and zoonotic. While humanity has been battling COVID-19, a new battle against monkeypox has recently emerged due to an increase in case numbers and the outbreak's global spread. The other points of the 2022 monkeypox outbreak that make it more serious than previous outbreaks are severe clinical outcomes such as encephalitis and death, and also the higher transmission rate, which occurs at approximately 99% in men, especially those who have sex with men. The 2022 monkeypox virus outbreak has focused public and scientific attention on poxviruses and potential bioterrorism risks posed by poxviruses. Therefore, it is aimed at writing a review that compiles information about monkeypox, cowpox, vaccinia, bovine papular stomatitis, orf, pseudocowpox, gray seal pox, and red deerpox viruses.Öğe Optimisation of Indirect ELISA by Comparison of Different Antigen Preparations for Detection of Antibodies Against Schmallenberg Virus(KAFKAS UNIV, VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI, 2020) Azkur, Ahmet Kursat; Aksoy, Emel; Yildirim, Murat; Yildiz, KaderSchmallenberg virus (SBV) infection, discovered in 2011, was reported in Europe including Turkey, Africa and recently in some Asian countries. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were widely used by researchers in many epidemiological studies and SBV diagnosis. The aim of this study was to optimise indirect in-house ELISA that is based on different antigen preparations of cell-culture derived whole SBV particle. Antigen preparations were maintained with various methods: PEG precipitation, ultracentrifugation, dialysis, and antigen inactivation. Following antigen optimisation, steps of antigen coating, blocking, conjugate and stop solution were optimised and in-house ELISA was compared to commercial indirect SBV ELISA kit. The best result in ELISA antigen preparation for SBV was gained by 30% PEG purification method followed by formaldehyde inactivation. Although results of this study demonstrated that in-house ELISA for detection of SBV specific antibodies was equally sensitive and specific as commercial kit, purified SBV antigen based in-house ELISA development could increase S/P ratios.Öğe Schmallenberg virus induces apoptosis in Vero cell line via extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in a time and dose dependent manner(Japan Soc Vet Sci, 2019) Aksoy, Emel; Azkur, Ahmet KursatSchmallenberg virus (SBV), discovered in 2011 in Germany, is associated with clinical manifestations of fever, diarrhea, reduced milk yield, abortions and congenital malformations in ruminants. Despite many studies performed for SBV, there is no detailed research on in vitro apoptotic effect of SBV. This study is aimed to determine apoptosis pathways and role of proapoptotic and anti-apoptotic molecules in Vero cells infected with SBV. The study results showed that SBV induced apoptosis via both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways by activating both caspase-8 and caspase-9, respectively. Expression analyses of pro-apoptotic (Bax, Bak and Puma) and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL) genes revealed that SBV-induced apoptosis causes upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes, dominantly via Puma gene, whereas Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL genes were downregulated. In conclusion, this is the first detailed report about SBV induced apoptosis in the Vero cells via both extrinsic and intrinsic cascades and apoptosis induction is seem to be regulated by Puma.Öğe Schmallenberg virüsünün vero hücre hattı üzerine apoptotik etkisinin belirlenmesi(Kırıkkale Üniversitesi, 2020) Aksoy, Emel; Azkur, Ahmet KürşatSchmallenberg virüsü (SBV) 2011 yılında Almanya'da keşfedilen, ruminantlarda ateş, ishal, süt veriminde azalma, abort ve konjenital malformasyonlarla seyreden bir hastalık tablosuna yol açan bir virüstür. Etken Peribunyaviridae ailesinin Orthobunyavirus cinsinde yer alan, negatif polariteli segmentli bir RNA virüsüdür. İlk keşfinden bu yana SBV ile ilgili pek çok çalışma yapılmasına karşın SBV'nin in vitro apoptotik etkisi detaylıca araştırılmamıştır. Bu tez çalışmasında, SBV'nin ile ilgili pek çok çalışmada yaygın olarak kullanılan Vero hücre hattında, SBV'nin apoptozise neden olup olmadığı farklı yöntemler ile araştırıldı. Bu tez çalışmasında, SBV Vero hücrelerinde üretildi, plak titrasyon ile viral titre belirlendi ve Vero hücreleri 0,1 ve 0,01 MOI SBV ile enfekte edildi. SBV enfeksiyonlarından 0, 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 ve 72 saat sonra hücreler toplandı. Toplanan hücrelerde apoptozisin belirlenmesi için DNA fragmentasyon deneyi, akan hücre ölçerde (flow sitometri) Annexin V/PI boyama, kaspaz-3, kaspaz-8, kaspaz-9 aktivasyonları ve real-time RT-PZR ile bazı pro-apoptotik (Bak, Bax, Puma) ve anti-apoptotik (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl) genlerin ekspresyonunda meydana gelen değişimler incelendi. Tez çalışması ile ilk defa, SBV'nin Vero hücre hattında apoptozisi hem iç yolak hem de dış yolak aracılığıyla indüklediği, apoptozis indüklenmesinde zamanın ve virüs titresinin etkili olduğu belirlendi. Gen ekspresyon analizlerine göre SBV, Puma geni aracılığıyla hücrelerde apoptozisi indükleyebileceği belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu tez çalışması ile Vero hücrelerinde SBV enfeksiyonunun apoptozise neden olduğu, bu apoptozisin hem iç yolak hem de dış yolak aracılığıyla gerçekleştiği ve SBV kaynaklı apoptozisin moleküler patogenezinde Puma geninin etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Daha ayrıntılı moleküler çalışmalar ile SBV'nin neden olduğu apoptozisin moleküler patogenezi aydınlatılmaya ihtiyaç duymaktadır.
