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Antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance in chicken, cattle, and sheep origin E. coli and whole-genome sequencing analysis of a multidrug-resistant E. coli O100:H25 strain
(Wiley, 2022) Çufaoğlu, Gizem; Cengiz, Görkem; Acar, Bahar Onaran; Yesilkaya, Busra; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Levent, Gizem; Goncuoğlu, Muammer
In this study, antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance profiles of E. coli and E. coli O157 isolates were determined, and whole-genome sequencing of a multidrug-resistant E. coli O100:H25 strain was reported. A total of 70 E. coli isolated from chicken neck skin and sheep cecum samples, and 32 E. coli O157 strains isolated from cattle carcass, sheep carcass, and slaughterhouse wastewater samples were explored. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of one antibiotics, eight heavy metals, and three disinfectants were determined by the broth microdilution method. Twenty of those isolates exhibiting high MIC values against compounds tested were further analyzed by PCR for the presence of relevant resistance genes (n = 42). The majority of the isolates tested were resistant to erythromycin and/or fosfomycin (99% and 78%, respectively) and 89% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Among the heavy metals, and disinfectants that were quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) tested, the highest prevalence of resistance was observed against nickel (71%) and followed by zinc (62%), and N-alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride (26%). While bla(AmpC), ermC, murA, and aadA were the most abundant antibiotic resistance genes, rcnA and zntA, and mdfA, sugE (c), and ydg(F) were also commonly observed as heavy metal and disinfectant genes, respectively. Additionally, whole-genome sequencing was performed for a single multidrug-resistant strain (E. coli P91). This strain was identified as serotype O100:H25, and harbored three Inc class plasmids and ant(2 '')-Ia, aph(3 ')-Ia, aph(3 '')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, bla(TEM-1A), dfrA5, mdf(A), sul1, sul2, and tet(A) genes along with the various heavy metal and disinfectant related genes. The findings of the study show that both phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance are highly prevalent in E. coli isolates that originated from food-producing animals. The use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals needs to be carefully evaluated since the coexistence of antibiotic, heavy metal, and disinfectant resistance genes may result in a coselection that yields the emergence and spread of highly persistent and resistant strains in agricultural settings.
Bacteriophage Applications to Control Listeria monocytogenes in Foods
(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2022) Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Cufaoglu, Gizem; Erol, Irfan
Foods are playing a significant role in human infections and intoxications because they are frequent vehicles of some human pathogens. Animals are primary reservoir of many zoonotic diseases and can transmit pathogens via foods particularly with cross contamination during production and processing entire food chain. Due to lack of hygienic precautions during stable to table, contaminations of food and food products with Listeria monocytogenes can cause foodborne listeriosis. Bacteriophages were first described as bacteria-eating viruses. Compared to other antibacterial agents such as antibiotics and antiseptics, bacteriophages have a different and functional antimicrobial activity. Bacteriophages can be applied to living tissues without causing any harm due to their highly selective toxicity. This is the most important advantage when they compared with antibiotics and antiseptics. Rapidly growing bacterial resistance to antibiotics and urgent need for development of alternative methods, increasing interest in using bacteriophages in treatment, and prophylaxes or as biocontrol agents in foods nowadays. In addition to the systems like HACCP and GMP for food safety from farm to table, the use of specific virulent bacteriophages for Listeria monocytogenes in order to reduce the bacterial load in foods of animal origin emerges as promising method. It is reported that the use of specific virulent bacteriophages to Listeria monocytogenes as a biocontrol and decontamination agent in foods, don’t cause any side effects in humans. Although there are many advantages of bacteriophages such as specificity, effectiveness and showing no toxicity to humans, they have some disadvantages that limit their usage as a decontamination agent. Therefore, further studies should focus on improving the efficiency of lytic activity of bacteriophages to increase the reduction level of pathogens in different food models. Being not cost effective and easy to isolate from different sources make bacteriophages appropriate to be used in various forms such as mixing in food, spraying, attaching to food packaging material or dipping food in phage water alone and/or together with other inhibitors. The phages can prolong the shelf life of foods significantly. In addition to these, they can also be used for the decontamination of the surfaces of food processing plants, treatment of wastewater, and also phage therapy in human and animal diseases including listeriosis, since the world is entering most likely to a post antibiotic era because of rapid increase in antibiotic resistance of pathogens due to imprudent use of antimicrobials. © 2022 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat salad using a lytic bacteriophage
(Polish Soc Veterinary Sciences Editorial Office, 2017) Cufaoglu, Gizem; Onaran, Bahar; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Goncuoglu, Muammer; Ormanci, Fatma Seda
E. coli O157:H7 is a life threatening foodborne pathogen associated with thousands of infections. Controlling such bacterial pathogens in raw and ready-to-eat foods has gained urgency with each passing day. The use of specific virulent bacteriophages as a biocontrol agent on minimally processed foods is an effective, natural and non-destructive treatment. This study was aimed at determining the efficiency of a lytic bacteriophage against E. coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat salads. For this purpose, E. coli O157:H7 NCTC 12900 (EC00) and nalidixic acid resistant E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895 (NA-EC95) were used as the model bacterium in decontamination trials of mayonnaise based ready-to-eat salads which are consumed without any heating process and include beans, carrots, potatoes, pickled cucumbers and salami. A previously described phage M8AEC16 which was classified in Myoviridae family was used as the biocontrol agent. The highest reductions were observed at 22 degrees C storage conditions. Reductions reaching up to 2.7 log cfu/g of viable E. coli O157:H7 counts were observed in the beginning of the storage period. The findings of the study showed that phage M8AEC16 can be used as a biocontrol agent in the decontamination of E. coli O157:H7 in such mayonnaise based ready-to-eat salads.
Biocontrol of Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Turkish Raw Meatball by Bacteriophage
(Wiley, 2016) Gencay, Yilmaz Emre; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Copuroglu, Gizem; Erol, Irfan
With an Escherichia coli O157:H7 virulent bacteriophage, M8AEC16, biocontrol efficiency of phages on a highly risky, ready-to-eat, traditional delicacy food called raw meatball under different storage conditions was investigated. Phage, belonging to the Myoviridae family, was isolated from the wastewater of a local slaughterhouse and showed a broad lytic activity toward many E.coli O157:H7 strains with high efficiency of plating and O157 specificity. Our experimental study provided favorable results, with 0.69-2.09 log colony-forming unit (cfu)/g E.coli O157:H7 reductions in the first 5h of the replica trials. Major reductions of viable E.coli O157:H7 counts were observed in the beginning of the storage period, reaching up to 1.85 log cfu/g. Although a significant reduction in E.coli O157:H7 was observed with increased phage concentration, storage conditions had minor effect on efficiency of phage biocontrol. This is the first study in Turkey that investigates applicability of phage biocontrol for a traditional food model. Practical ApplicationsPhage addition in preparation stage of a very complex food model, ready-to-eat Turkish raw meatball, is a promising application in decontamination of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Although investigation of its genomic characteristics along with its stability to different food matrices must be completed for further use of the model phage M8AEC16, findings of this work were encouraging, as phages are valuable in biocontrol of important foodborne in this ready-to-eat Turkish delicacy.
Comparison Of Prevalence And Genetic Diversity Of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 In Cattle And Sheep
(Slovak Univ Agriculture Nitra, 2016) Erol, Irfan; Goncuoglu, Muammer; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Ormanci, Fatma Seda Bilir
In this study the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 was detected by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) based cultivation technique and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in feces and/or colon tissue of cattle (n= 282) and sheep (n= 218) at slaughterhouse. The major virulence genes, intimin variants, Shiga toxin variants and antibiotic resistance genes of the isolates were examined by PCR and genomic diversity of the cattle and sheep E. coli O157: H7 isolates were assessed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In the present study the prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 was found higher in sheep (6.4 %) than in cattle (3.9 %). All the E. coli O157: H7 isolates were detected as positive for at least one stx gene and positive for other virulence genes. Twelve (29.3 %) and one (2.4 %) of the cattle isolates carried stx2 and stx1 gene, respectively. However 11 (17.7 %) of the sheep E. coli O157: H7 isolates carried stx2 and five (8.1 %) of the isolates harbored stx1 gene only. At least one antibiotic resistance gene was detected from 35 isolates. E. coli O157: H7 isolates from four sheep and three cattle harbored tetB gene. From three cattle and one sheep samples strA carrying E. coli O157: H7 were isolated. Among them, isolates from 2 cattle and one sheep samples were carried both tetB and strA. Isolates were grouped into six different clusters. From a cattle and a sheep, two different E. coli O157: H7 which have different PFGE patterns, were isolated. It can be concluded that sheep pose a risk as cattle for STEC O157: H7 contamination in Turkey.
Comparison of Virulence Gene Profiles of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis Chicken Neck Skin and Faeces Isolates
(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2010) Doğru, Aylin Kasımoğlu; Gencay, Yılmaz Emre; Ayaz, Naim Deniz
The objective of this study was to find out the distribution of major virulence determinants asa1, gelE, cylA, esp, and hyl by multiplex PCR in 132 Enterococcus faecium and 67 Enterococcus faecalis isolates originated from chicken neck skin samples at slaughterhouse and faeces samples from intensive broiler enterprises and rural poultry establishments. In the study, 31.2% (62/199) of the enterococcal strains harbored at least one virulence determinant. The gelE gene was the predominant (30.2%) virulence trait among the enterococci investigated followed by asa1 (15.6%). Both gelE and asa1 genes were significantly higher in E. faecalis than E. faecium. The hyl, esp and cylA genes were detected with percentages of 1.5%, 1.5% and 0.8% in E. faecium isolates. None of the E. faecalis strains harbored cylA, esp and hyl genes. The results indicate that a clear difference was observed in the kind of virulence factor present in strains between faecal samples and skin samples. Also. E. faecium strains isolated from both chicken skin samples and faeces presented lower pathogenicity potential than did E. faecalis.
Emerging details about COVID-19 and chronology of the pandemic in Turkey
(2020) Göncüoğlu, Muammer; Cengiz, Görkem; Onaran, Bahar; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Çufaoğlu, Gizem
Coronaviruses are found in all mammalian and avian species. Due to its mild infection on upper respiratory tract, this virus was not considered as a serious human pathogen until the outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in 2002 and 2012, respectively. Recently the third and the biggest outbreak of coronavirus “COVID-19” or “SARS-CoV-2” has erupted and the world is now in a struggle to combat this disease. Although everything has not yet been fully clarified about this new type of virus, the data obtained from the studies conducted so far provides guidance on how to deal with SARS-CoV-2. In this context, this review provides information about pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, presence in animals, potential transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the detection methods used in the world and Turkey.
Enterotoxin gene profiles of staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococcal isolates from various foods and food ingredients
(2010) Gencay, Yılmaz Emre; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Doğru, Aylin Kasımoğlu
Bu çalışmada, çeşitli gıdalardan izole edilen 107 stafilokok suşunun toksin gen profillerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, 102 koagulaz pozitif stafilokok izolatının 70’i (%68.6) PCR ile S. aureus olarak identifiye edilmiştir. Daha sonra, tüm izolatlar (70 S. aureus, 32 koagulaz pozitif ve 5 koagulaz negative stafilokok) multipleks PCR ile SE genlerinin (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, and sej) varlığı yönünden incelenmiştir. S. aureus (70) izolatları arasından sadece 2 (%2.9) kanatlı eti izolatının sea genine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer izolatların hiçbirinden enterotoksin genleri tespit edilmemiştir. Stafilokok izolatlarında toksin geni prevalansı her ne kadar düşük bulunmuş olsa da, gıdalarda enterotoksin oluşturan stafilokoklar tüketici sağlığı yönünden potansiyel bir risk oluşturmaktadır.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in raw meatballs and phage control of L. monocytogenes
(Vup Food Research Inst, Bratislava, 2021) Goncuoglu, Muammer; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Cufaoglu, Gizem; Cengiz, Gorkem
Raw meatball (cig kofte, CK) is a traditional ready-to-eat product that is commonly consumed in Turkey. This appetizer poses a great risk in terms of containing foodborne pathogens due to the ingredients contained, such as ground beef. In this study, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes strains previously isolated from CK were characterized. Out of 27 E. coli O157 isolates, 13 were identified as E. coli O157:H7. In all of E. coli O157:H7 isolates, eaeA, hly, fliCh7, espA, lpfA(1-3) and six genes were detected. All L. monocytogenes isolates (n = 4) were identified as serotype 1t2a or 3a. In addition to strain characterization, efficacy of a cocktail of lytic bacteriophages on L. monocytogenes in CK food model was investigated in order to demonstrate an alternative method to combat this pathogen. Samples contaminated with 2.30 log CFU.g(-1) in the phage-applied group, L. monocytogenes was not detected from the very first hour of incubation. The highest reduction was observed as 2.35 log CFU.g(-1) after incubation of 3 h when the multiplicities of infection was 4.14 log PFLI-CFU(-1)g(-1). This study showed that L. monocytogenes counts could be reduced to acceptable levels by bacteriophage application in a complex food like CK.
Et ürünlerinin histolojik muayenesi
(2012) Ayaz, Yıldız; Kaplan, Yusuf Ziya; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Aksoy, H. Mihriban
Bu çalışmada, 2011 ile 2012 yıllarında Veteriner Kontrol Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü Gıda Kontrol Laboratuarına gönderilen 842 et ürününün (salam, sosis, sucuk ve ısı işlemi görmüş sucuk) bileşiminde doku ve iç organ varlığının histolojik muayene ile belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan histolojik analizler neticesinde 2011 yılında incelenen 393 örneğin 45’inde (%11,5), 2012 yılında 449 örneğin 66’sında (%14,7) başta kıkırdak doku ve deriye ait epitel doku olmak üzere iç organlara ait hücresel yapılar tespit edilmiş olup toplam 842 örnekten 111’inin (%13,2) ulusal standartlara uygun olmadığı belirlenmiştir.
Experiences in Delivering Teaching and Learning Practices in Establishments of Veterinary Education of the Mediterranean Region Under COVID-19 Pandemic: From Crisis to Opportunities
(Aves, 2022) Fejzic, Nihad; Seric-Haracic, Sabina; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; De Meneghi, Daniele; Abu Basha, Ehab; Tligui, Noursaid; Ettriqui, Abdelfettah
In this study, the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic crisis on veterinary education in selected members of the Mediterranean Network of Veterinary Education Establishments (Bosnia and Herzegovina, France, Italy, Turkey, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunis) was analyzed. The challenges presented by the pandemic and new approaches and practices adopted by different veterinary education establishments in the Mediterranean region to address the long-term consequences of coronavirus disease 2019 on veterinary education were highlighted. Although countries in this region followed different epidemiological policies, restrictions of access of veterinary students to teaching hospitals, extramural facilities, and laboratories were prolonged over the entire time during 2020 and 2021 in most of the veterinary education establishments. It could be concluded that strengthening the existing networks of veterinary education establishments in the region by sharing experiences, standardization of curricula (regional and international accreditation), and networking are seen as an opportunity for improvement of the quality of teaching and competence in this digital era. Unfortunately, more work is still required to achieve such an ambitious agenda including galvanization of public demands for quality education, political will to implement changes, and securing financial support and other resources to continue program development across the region.
Farklı peynir çeşitlerinde B12 vitamini ve folik asit düzeyleri
(2009) Doğru, Kasımoğlu Aylin; Ayaz, Naim Deniz
Çalışmada, 30’ar adet beyaz peynir, kaşar peyniri, tulum peyniri ve mihaliç peyniri olmak üzere toplam 120 peynir örneği, B12 vitamini ve folik asit içeriği yönünden Radio Protein Binding Assay (RPBA) ile incelenmiştir. Peynir örneklerinde belirlenen ortalama B12 vitamini ve folik asit miktarları beyaz peynir, kaşar peyniri, tulum peyniri ve mihaliç peynirinin 100 gramında sırasıyla 0.93 / 11.12 ?g, 0.76 / 6.51 ?g, 0.77 / 6.35 ?g ve 0.49 / 4.3 ?g dır. Çalışma verileri, incelenen peynir örneklerinin B12 vitamini ve folik asit yönünden fakir olduğunu, günlük B12 vitamini ve folik asit ihtiyacını karşılayamayacaklarını göstermektedir.
Food Safety Awareness, Changes in Food Purchasing Behaviour and Attitudes towards Food Waste during COVID-19 in Türkiye
(Mdpi, 2023) Erol, Irfan; Mutus, Begum; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Stowell, Julian D.; Siriken, Belgin
(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic brought the key issues of food security, food safety, and food waste into sharp focus. Turkiye is in the enviable position of being among the top ten agricultural economies worldwide, with a wide diversity of food production. This survey was undertaken in order to gain insights into consumer behaviour and attitudes in Turkiye with respect to these issues. The objective was to highlight strengths and weaknesses, identify areas for improvement, and present strategies for the future. (2) Methods: This survey was carried out between April and May 2022 in 12 provinces throughout Turkiye. Face-to-face interviews were performed with 2400 participants representing a cross-section of ages, educational attainment, and socio-economic categories. The findings were evaluated statistically. (3) Results: The results provide an insight into attitudes and behaviours, both pre-COVID-19 and during the pandemic. In several ways, the pandemic enhanced knowledge and improved behaviour, leading to improvements in diet and reductions in food waste. However, worrying concerns about food safety persist. Specific attention has been given to understanding patterns of bread consumption, particularly in consideration of waste. (4) Conclusions: It is hoped that the results of this survey will increase dialogue between the components of the food sector, encourage education initiatives, and contribute to improving food safety and security and reducing food waste in Turkiye and beyond.
Gıda kaynaklı Staphylococcus aureus intoksikasyonlarının kontrolünde bakteriyofaj uygulamaları
(2023) Tuncer, Yeşim Yonsul; Ayaz, Naim Deniz
Staphylococcus aureus ısıya dayanıklı enterotoksinleri, biyofilm oluşturabilmesi ve antibiyotiklere özellikle de metisiline karşı direnç geliştirmesi sebebiyle başlıca gıda kaynaklı intoksikasyon etkenlerindendir. S. aureus’un stafilokokkal enterotoksinler (SEs) ve stafilokkokkal enterotoksin benzeri toksinler (SEIs) olmak üzere tanımlanmış 33 toksini bulunmasına rağmen gıda kaynaklı intoksikasyonlarının yaklaşık %95’inden sorumlu tutulanlar SEA-SEE’dir. Çiftlikten çatala gıda güvenliği için HACCP, GHP ve GMP gibi uygulamaların yanı sıra gıdalardaki ve gıda işleme tesislerinde bakteriyel yükün azaltılması amacıyla S.aureus’a özgü litik bakteriyofaj kullanımı alternatif bir yöntem olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Fajların özgüllük, etkinlik ve insanlarda toksik etkisinin bulunmaması gibi birçok avantajına rağmen kullanımı sınırlandıran birtakım dezavantajları da bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede, S. aureus’un gıda intoksikasyonları açısından önemi ile gıdalarda biyokontrolüne yönelik bakteriyofaj uygulamalarının etkinliği kısaca ele alınmıştır.
INVESTIGATION OF NOROVIRUS AND ROTAVIRUS IN GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES AND MUSSELS
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2021) Gungor, A. Burak; Ayaz, Yildiz; Kabakli, Ozden; Caliskan, Elvin; Aksoy, Mihriban; Kaplan, Yusuf Ziya; Ayaz, Naim Deniz
Rotaviruses and noroviruses are the main agents that pollute the environment, especially water and food, and cause serious diseases and epidemics in humans by this way. The aims of this study were to compare the efficiency of real time RT-PCR and cell culture techniques for the detection of Rotavirus and Noroviruses and to find out the presence of them in green leafy vegetables and mussels which collected from different markets in Ankara, capital city of Turkey over a 12-month period. Virus positive samples were propagated in MA-104 (ATCC (R) CRL-2378) and Caco2 (ATCC (R) HTB-37 (TM)) cell monolayers, for the infectivity tests. All collected food samples and experimental contaminated foods were analyzed with RT-PCR for detecting Rotavirus and Noroviruses. The results showed that Noroviruses was found to be difficult to reproduce from cell cultures and we were able to produce only Rotavirus isolate on cell lines. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the titer of the Rotavirus was detected as DKID50 = log10(-4.2) / ml (about 15,000 virus particles / ml). According to the cell culture results; rotavirus was detected in all dilutions in contaminated foods. On the other hand, in samples which were directly analyzed with RT-PCR, the 100 times diluted samples were detected as positive for both viruses. In none of the collected food samples Norovirus and Rotavirus were detected using RT-PCR analysis and cell monolayers. In conclusion, RT-PCR method is useful in detecting rotavirus and noroviruses from foods in routine surveys.
An investigation on biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by a bacteriophage cocktail in pastirma
(Ankara Univ Press, 2019) Cufaoglu, Gizem; Derinoz, Askin Nur; Ayaz, Naim Deniz
In this study, it was aimed to investigate the biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in pastirma (a traditional Turkish meat product produced and consumed without heat treatment) by bacteriophages. A cocktail was prepared from two pre-characterized phages which were isolated from cattle slaughterhouse wastewaters and were found to have lytic activity against E. coli O157: H7. The phage cocktail at a concentration of 10(9) pfu/ml was applied to pastirma slices which experimentally contaminated at 6,9 x 10(3) cfu/ml and incubated for one week at room temperature (22-24 degrees C). During the incubation period, reduction effects of bacteriophages on E. coli O157: H7 were investigated on certain times and days. As a result, the phage cocktail was able to reduce the bacterial count approximately 2 log cfu/g in the bacteriophage applied group, therefore the number of E. coli O157: H7 decreased and remained below the detection limit (< 10 cfu/g) during the experiment. The bacteriophage cocktail consisting of phage M8AEC16 and phage M12BEC16 has been found to be effectively usable for biocontrol of E. coli O157:H7 in pastirma.
Kanatlı Hayvanlardan ve Gıdalardan Salmonella İzlenmesi ve Kontrol Programlarının Geliştirilmesi
(2017) Diker, Kadir Serdar; Türkyılmaz, Özhan; Alper, Neslihan; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Yılmaz, Semra; Akan, Mehmet; Güncüoğlu, Muammer
Türkiye’deki kanatlı üretim zincirinde Salmonella sıklığını azaltmaya yönelik bir ulusal kontrol programı için çalışmalar yapıldı. Kanatlılara ait 9295 materyalin incelenmesi ile broyler, yumurtacı, hindi ve damızlık epidemiyolojik birimlerindeki Salmonella oranı sırasıyla %24,5, %7,4, %21,5 ve %4,2 olarak bulundu. Kanatlı kesimhane ve gıdalarına ait 3017 materyalin %39,3 ve %24,3’ünde Salmonella kontaminasyonu bulundu. İncelenen 29 ildeki oranlar 2.9 ile %70,6 arasında değişti. Kanatlılarda toplam 33 serotip bulundu. Broyler, hindi, damızlık, kesimhane ve gıda örneklerindeki baskın serotip S.Infantis iken, yumurtacılarda S.Kentucky oldu. Ribotiplendirme ve PFGE bulguları broyler suşlarının küçük coğrafik alanlarda kümelendiğini, bu da sınırlı bir klonal yayılmanın olduğunu gösterdi. Salmonella izolatlarının 10 antimikrobiyal maddeye dirençlilikleri arasında, özellikle yumurtacılarda ve S.Kentucky’de daha fazla olmak üzere farklılıklar bulundu. Direnç genleri ve mekanizmaları moleküler yöntemlerle daha ileri düzeyde analiz edildi. Çoklu antibiyotik dirençli suşların sıklığında serotip ve üretim tipine göre farklılıklar belirlendi. Ticari moleküler kitlerin ve bu çalışmada geliştirilen LAMP PCR’ın tanı performansı altın standart olan ISO6579’a yakın bulundu. Kanatlı orijinli kaynaklardan elde edilen bakteriyofajlar kontamine edilmiş materyaldeki belirli serotipler üzerinde orta-ileri düzeyde aktivite gösterdi. S.Infantis aşı suşu, klonal tipe ilaveten virulens ve kolonizasyon ilişkili genlerin varlığına göre seçildi ve bir aroA mutantı oluşturuldu. Epidemiyolojik bulgulara ve rutin prosedürlerin Salmonella kontrolündeki rollerini araştıran saha çalışmalarının sonuçlarına göre bir kontrol programı oluşturuldu. Kontrol programı, kanatlılarda Salmonella kontrolü için, dezenfeksiyon protokolünün, çevresel kontaminasyonun önlenmesinin, optimal üretim arası uzunluğunun ve diğer konulardaki uygulamaların önemini vurguladı. Son olarak toplanan verileri işlemek ve sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak için SALKON adlı web tabanlı veritabanı oluşturuldu.
Kırıkkale ilinde hindi eti tüketim alışkanlıklarının ve tüketicilerin gıda hijyeni konusundaki bilinç düzeylerinin araştırılması
(2018) Uslu, Şeyma; Ayaz, Naim Deniz
Bu çalışmada, Kırıkkale ilindeki katılımcıların hindi eti tüketim alışkanlıkları ve gıda hijyeni konusundaki bilinç düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, 219 kişiyle 25 sorudan oluşan bir anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 22.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) programı kullanılarak değerlendirilimiştir. Ayrıca katılımcıların cinsiyet, yaş, medeni durum, eğitim durumu, meslekleri, aylık gelir miktarları, aylık gıda harcamaları ve hindi eti tüketim sıklıkları istatistiksel olarak ki-kare testi ile ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, katılımcıların eğitim seviyeleri ve gıda hijyeni konusundaki bilinç düzeyleri istatistiksel olarak ki-kare testi ile belirlenmiştir. Yapılan anket çalışmasında elde edilen verilerin değerlendirilmesi sonucunda, katılımcıların hindi eti tüketme oranı %27,9 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların hindi eti tüketim alışkanlıklarının yaş, aylık gelir miktarı ve aylık gıda harcamalarına göre farklılık gösterdiği görülmüştür. Çalışmamızda katılımcıların %97,7’sinin gıda alışverişi yaptıkları yerlerin hijyenik şartlarına dikkat ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca katılımcıların gıda alışverişi yaparken genel olarak dikkat ettiği hususların başında son kullanma tarihi, hijyen ve fiyat yer aldığı gözlenmektedir. Elde edilen veriler neticesinde hindi etinin lezzetli, düşük kalorili ve besin değerinin yüksek oluşunun hindi eti tüketimini arttıran faktörler arasında yer aldığı görülmektedir. Hindi etinin yılın belirli dönemlerinde değil yıl boyunca satış raflarında yer almasının sağlanmasının ve tüketicilere yönelik hindi eti ile ilgili tanıtım günleri, organizasyon, reklam vs. gibi bilgilendirmelerin yapılmasının toplumun hindi eti tüketimi alışkanlığına katkıda bulunacağı düşünülmektedir.
Levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid in different cheese types
(Ankara Univ Press, 2009) Dogru, Aylin Kasimoglu; Ayaz, Naim Deniz
In this study, a total of 120 cheese samples including 30 Turkish white brined cheese, 30 kashar cheese, 30 tulum cheese, and 30 mihalic cheese samples were investigated for vitamin B-12 and folic acid contents Using Radio Protein Binding Assay (RPBA). The average vitamin B-12 and folate levels in 100 g of each of the white cheese, kashar cheese, tulum cheese, and mihalic cheese was determined as 0.93/11.12 mu g, 0.76/6.51 mu g, 0.77/6.35 mu g and 0.49/4.3 mu g, respectively. These results show that the investigated cheese samples have poor vitamin B-12, and folic acid content. Therefore they are insufficient for daily intake of vitamin B-12, and folic acid.
Listeria monocytogenes risk associated with chicken at slaughter and biocontrol with three new bacteriophages
(Wiley, 2019) Çufaoğlu, Gizem; Ayaz, Naim Deniz
The aim of this study was to isolate Listeria monocytogenes from chicken neck skins and lytic bacteriophages from poultry slaughterhouse wastewaters, and following the characterization of the isolates, biocontrol of L. monocytogenes was investigated on chicken drumsticks with the isolated phages. L. monocytogenes prevalence was detected 12.3% in the chicken samples and the dominant serotype was determined as 1/2a (92.5%). Expression levels of major virulence genes were revealed by real-time RT-PCR. Ten different DNA profiles were detected by ERIC-PCR fingerprinting. According to the MIC results, LM-P75 was defined as MDR by showing resistance to antibiotics in six different groups. Besides, five lytic listeriophages were isolated from wastewaters and treated with Cla1 and Sac1. Taking EoP, TEM, in vitro, and in vivo analyses results into consideration, three bacteriophages were used for the biocontrol assay. The application of the bacteriophages on drumsticks achieved a reduction up to 3.3 log CFU/ml in L. monocytogenes count in 3 hr of incubation at 4 degrees C. Practical applications Our results showed that in spite of the developments in hygiene practices during slaughtering, chicken meat is still a potential source for L. monocytogenes. On the other hand, the phage cocktail that used in this study can be an effective tool to reduce L. monocytogenes in chicken carcasses at final wash or at cooling step in poultry slaughtering process, as well as in decontamination of chicken meat parts.

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