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    Chemical Analysis of Birch Tree (Betula pendula Roth) Degraded by Fungus
    (NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV DEPT WOOD & PAPER SCI, 2020) Camlibel, Osman
    The aim of this study was to investigate degraded birch trees (Betula pendula Roth) that suffered from a harmful fungus called Piptoporus betulinus. The main chemical analysis of B. pendula degraded by the fungus, included the holocellulose, alpha-cellulose, and lignin contents and was determined in cold and hot water and alcohol-benzene solubility in 1% NaOH mixtures. This fungus caused B. pendula to lose mass and chemical properties. The declining amount of holocellulose mass loss was 6.7% according to the holocellulose test. This decrement caused the quality of the birch holocellulose to decline. The total loss difference was 9.8% according to the alkaline solubility analysis of the 1% NaOH test and 14.3% according to the density analysis of the test. The loss difference was 4.2% according to the alcohol-benzene analysis of the test.
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    Effect of Calcite Addition on Technical Properties and Reduction of Formaldehyde Emissions of Medium Density Fiberboard
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2021) Camlibel, Osman
    Physical, mechanical, and formaldehyde emission properties were studied for medium density fiberboard (MDF) produced with oak (75%) and pine (25%) fibers that had been mechanically refined in the presence of calcite particles. The calcite slurry was prepared at two levels of solids, 1.5% and 3% (10 and 20 kg.m-3). Chips were cooked for 4 min at 185 degrees C, under 8 bar vapor pressure in an Andritz defibrillator. 1.8% liquid paraffin, 0.72% ammonium sulphate solution, and 11% urea-formaldehyde were added by percentage based on oven-dried wood fibers in the blowline at the exit of the defibrator. The fibers were dried to 11% moisture content. MDF boards (2100 mm x 2800 mm x 18 mm) were created using a continuous hotpress process. The addition of calcite in the course of MDF production resulted in improved physical properties, such as thickness swelling (ThS 24 hours) and water absorption (WA 24 hours). MDF boards prepared with calcite exhibited higher internal bond (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE). Resistance to axial withdrawal of screw also was increased by addition of 3% calcite. In addition, the lowest levels of formaldehyde emission were observed for MDF prepared with calcite at the 3% level.
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    The Effect of Fiberboard Modification on Adhesion Strength to Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Sheets or Eastern Beech (Fagus orientalis L.) Veneers
    (North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2018) Kara, Adem; Budakci, Mehmet; Camlibel, Osman
    The adhesion strength was evaluated for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Eastern beech (Fagus orientalis L.) veneers glued onto specially produced fiberboards using urea-formaldehyde (UF), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), and polyurethane (PU) adhesives. Inorganic fillers including rock salt (NaCI), calcite (CaCO3), borax pentahydrate (Na(2)B(4)4O(7)center dot 5H(2)O), or talc (3MgO center dot 4SiO(2)center dot H2O) were incorporated into the fiberboards at levels of 3%, 6%, and 9%. The adhesion strength of the samples was determined in accordance to Turkish Standard TS EN 311 (2005). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to determine the structural morphology at the bonding interface of the veneers and the modified fiberboards. The results of this study indicated that veneer adhesion strength was reduced by the addition of inorganic fillers to the fiberboard. The highest adhesion strength was obtained with Eastern beech veneer that was glued using UF adhesive on the control samples without inorganic fillers. It was concluded that UF and PVAc adhesives are not suitable for bonding PVC veneers onto fiberboard surfaces.
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    Farklı mol oranlarıyla sentezlenen üre reçinelerinin yüksek yoğunlukta lif levhaların (HDF) fiziksel özelliklerine ve formaldehit emisyonuna etkisi
    (2021) Camlibel, Osman
    Yaşam alanlarının vazgeçilmez ürünü yüksek yoğunlukta lif levha (HDF) bazlı ve türevi ürünlerin (laminant parke türevleri vb.) hammaddesi HDF levhalarıdır. HDF levhalarının fiziksel test değerleri ilgili standart değerlerde ve formaldehit emisyonun E1 veya E0 olması hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, yüksek yoğunlukta lif levha üretim hattında %50 sarıçam (Pinus sylvestres L.), %30 göknar (Abies nordmanniana L.), %20 kayın (Fagus orientalis L.). Üretim hattında üç farklı mol üre-formaldehit reçinesi (R; 1.17, X; 0.98 ve Y; 0.88) kullanılarak 7.7mmx2100mmx2440mm HDF levhalar üretildi. Proseste üretim parametreleri sabit kalmıştır. Tek değişken üç farklı mol oranlarında kullanılan üre formaldehit tutkalı olmuştur. Sıcak pres parametrelerinden pres hızını 950 mm/sn ve pres sıcaklığını 215ºC ve 60 saniye presleme süresi parametrelerinde üretim gerçekleşmiştir. Üretilen R, X, Y HDF levhaların; fiziksel testlerine (kalınlığına, yoğunluğu, levha rutubetine, 24 saat suda kalınlığına şişme ve 24 saat su alma) ve formaldehit gaz emisyonuna bakılmıştır. Her bir test grubundan beş levha ölçülmüştür. HDF levhalarının fiziksel özellikleri, özgül ağırlığı R;874 kg/m³, X;881 kg/m³ ve Y;860 kg/m³, kalınlığına suda şişmesi 24 saat R; %17.79, X; %19.65 ve Y; %19.08, 24 saat su alma R; %19.65, X; %19.09 VE Y; %22.42 ölçülmüştür. Formaldehit gaz emisyon değerleri R; 14.96, mg/100g. X; 8.28 mg/100g ve Y; 6.79 mg/100g analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda (R;1.17, X;0.98 ve Y;0.88) mol üre formaldehit kullanarak üretilen HDF levhalarına hem fiziksel test sonuçları hemde formaldehit gaz emisyonu sonuçlarına göre farklılıklar ortaya konulmuştur.
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    Huş (Betula pendula L.) odunu biokütlesinden orta yoğunlukta lif levha (MDF) üretimi
    (2020) Camlibel, Osman
    Çalışma kapsamda kullanılan huş (Betula pendula L) odunu Ukrayna’nın batı bölgelerinden Türkiye’deki Kastamonu İnebolu Limanına özel bir firma tarafından getirilmiştir. İnebolu Limanı’ndan Kastamonu Organize Sanayi Bölgesinde faaliyette bulunan özel bir orta yoğunlukta lif levha (MDF) üreten fabrikaya getirilmiştir. Çalışmada %100 huş odununun liflerinden MDF üretimi yapılmıştır. MDF üretimde 0.96 mol E1 üre formaldehit tutkalı farklı oranlarda kullanarak levhalar üretilmiştir. Bu levhaların test performansları için deney numuneleri sonsuz bant pres hattında imal edilmiştir. Test üretiminde dört farklı yüzde oranlarda (%10.05, %12.96, %13.46 ve %13.94) tutkal kullanılmıştır. Tutkal tüketim oranlarına göre MDF levhalarının fiziksel (levha yoğunluğu, kalınlığına şişme, su alma) ve mekanik (eğilme mukavemeti, eğilmede elastikiyet modülü, çekme mukavemeti, levha vida tutma mukavemeti) test performansları ölçülmüştür. Sonuç olarak MDF üretiminde üre formaldehit tüketim yüzdesi artıkça levhaların performans değerlerinin azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Huş odunundan MDF üretirken, performansı optimum test sonuçlarını veren tutkal tüketimine göre levha üretimi gerçekleştirilmelidir.
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    INFLUENCE OF THE MULTIDAY AND CONTINUOUS HOT PRESS ON THE PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL AND FORMALDEHYDE EMISSION PROPERTIES OF THE PARTICLEBOARD
    (Univ Bio-Bio, 2023) Camlibel, Osman
    In this study, Its the influence of according to press, particleboards produced in two different press types which were multiday and continuous hot press, the thickness, density, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, surface soundness, withdrawal of screw resistance, moisture, thickness swelling, water absorp-tion, formaldehyde emission content were researched. 18 mm x 2100 mm x 2800 mm size particleboards were manufactured on the production line which was using urea-formaldehyde (F:U;1,07 moles), and 30 % pine, 40 % oak, 20 % beech and 10 % poplar waste mixture of the wood materials. According to results of the tests performed after the multiday and continuous hot press production of the boards; thickness (0,63 %), bending strength (1,27 %), moisture content (0,47 %), thickness swelling (37 %), and water absorption (39,9 %), modu-lus of elasticity (11,35 %), internal bond (7,22 %) were increased according to multiday hot press while density (2,7 %), surface soundness (18,81 %), withdrawal of screw resistance (14 %) and formaldehyde (57,12 %) decreased. Formaldehyde content,surface soundness, withdrawal of screw resistance are the most prominent properties influenced by continuous hot press.
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    Influences of hardening agent on some physical and mechanical properties of medium-density fiberboard
    (2022) Camlibel, Osman; Aydın, Murat
    Effects of Ammonium chloride (NH4CI) as a hardening agent on thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), screw holding resistance (SHR), Janka hardness, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and internal bonding (IB) properties of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) were evaluated. Target densities were 712 and 715 kg/m³ for hardener applied (0.75 kg/m³ solid as 10% solution (fiber dry wt.)) and unmodified factory made 18 mm thick MDF, respectively. A total of 400 samples were tested. Boards produced without hardener presented better mechanical properties except for SHR. Indeed, SHR was around 9.2% improved by hardener utilization. However, hardener utilization caused around 8.4%, 7.3%, 3.6%, and 1.3% decreases for MOE, MOR, IB, and Janka hardness, respectively. Surprisingly, soaking time caused opposite results for TS and WA. The TS and WA of the hardener utilized MDF decreased around 40.3% and 29.6% for short-term soaking (2h) but remarkable increases (around 62.4% and 20%, respectively) were observed for long-term (24h) soaking. Statistical analysis proved that there were statistically significant (P<0.05) differences between all the evaluated properties.
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    INFLUENCES OF OAK UTILIZATION ON THE MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD PROPERTIES
    (Univ Bio-Bio, 2024) Camlibel, Osman; Aydin, Murat; Koc, Enues
    Softwoods are the basic and traditional raw materials for medium -density fiberboard production. However, sustainable consumption of wood material in the production of wood -based products requires material variety. Therefore, the usability of hardwood species in the production and its effects on the board properties should be of interest. Considering this, the influence of oak utilization percentages (30 %, 50 %, 70 %, and 100 %) on the physical (density, thickness swelling -TS 2 and 24 h) and mechanical (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bonding, screw holding resistance, and Janka hardness) properties of medium density fiberboard was evaluated in this study. Boards were factory -made instead of laboratory -made using Quercus petraea (oak), Fagus orientalis (beech), and Pinus sylvester (Scots pine) fibers. According to the results, the modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and Janka hardness values were increased when medium -density fiberboard was produced using only oak fiber. On the contrary, thickness swelling, screwholding resistance, and internal bonding properties were decreased.
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    Kalsit Mineral Katkılı Orta Yoğunlukta Liflevha (MDF)’nin Yanma Performansının Araştırılması
    (2021) Camlibel, Osman; Akgül, Mehmet
    Bu çalışmada, MDF levhaların yangına dayanıklılık özelliklerini arttırmak için kalsit mineralinin MDF üretiminde kullanılma imkanları araştırılmıştır.Yongalar Asplund defibratörde 4 dakika 7.5 bar ve 180ºC sıcaklıkta pişirilmiştir. liflemeden önce % 1,5 sıvı parafin mantarlaşmış yongalara verilmiştir. 1 m³ MDF üretimi için kullanılan lignoselülozik liflerin yerine; %3, %6, %9 oranlarında kalsit minerali üre formaldehite tutkalı ile karıştırılarak blowlinedan liflere verilmiştir. Lifler % 12 rutubete kadar kurutulmuştur. Levhalar 185 °C sıcaklık, 32 kg/cm² basınç ve 270 saniyede sekiz katlı sıcak preste preslenmiştir. Üretilen levhalar 50, 80 ve 120 tane büyüklüğünde zımpara bantları ile zımparalanmıştır. Kalsit katkılı üretilen levhaların yanma testleri; AKY, KKY, KHY, AKY lüks, KKY lüks, KHY lüks, İYB, KHYS, Ağırlık kaybı deneyleri yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak kalsit mineralleri; levhaların yangına karşı direnç testinde iyi bir performans göstermiştir.
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    Manufacture Of Medium Density Fiberboard (Mdf) Panels From Agribased Lignocellulosic Biomass
    (Slovak Forest Products Research Inst, 2017) Akgul, Mehmet; Uner, Birol; Camlibel, Osman; Ayata, Umit
    Lignocellulosics fibers and commercially-manufactured-chip (Pinus sylvestris L., Fagus orientalis and Quercus robur L.) with 11% moisture conten twere used for the experiment. The mixingratios of lignocellulosics fibers was 20% which is from okra and tobaccos talks, hazelnut and walnuts hell, and pinecone for each mixture in preformed panel and commercially manufactured-chip was 100 % for the control sample. A commercial ureaformaldehyde (UF) adhesive was used as a binder. The physical and mechanical properties such as density, thickness swelling (TS), bending strength (BS), modulus elasticity (MOE), internalbond (IB), screw holding ability (SHA) perpendicular to the plane of panel, Janka hardness perpendicular to the plane of panel properties of MDF were measured. The results indicated that all the panels met the general purpose-use requirements of TS-EN. Thus, our results suggest that biomass from different sources can be an alternative raw material for MDF manufacturing process.
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    Mechanical and Formaldehyde-related Properties of Medium Density Fiberboard with Zeolite Additive
    (NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIV DEPT WOOD & PAPER SCI, 2020) Camlibel, Osman
    Zeolite was investigated as a potential component in the production of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). A mixture of beech (40%), oak (30%), and pine (30%) wood chips was used for fiber production. Chips were cooked for 4 min in an Asplund defibrator with a vapor pressure of 8 bar, and a temperature of 180 degrees C. Chemicals were added on fibers in the blow line. The resins were added at 11 wt% based on oven-dried wood fibers. Ammonium sulphate was added at 0.72 wt% based on resins. Paraffin wax was added as 1.8 wt% based on resin. Zeolite was prepared in a separate tank for its use instead of lignocellulosic fibers in the production of 1 m(3) MDF. The fibers were dried to 12% moisture. A temperature of approximately 190 degrees C and a pressure of approximately 32 kg.m(-2) were applied to the mixture for 280 s to make MDF panels (500 x 490 x 14 mm). Mechanical properties of MDF boards were significantly increased for bending (MOE) and elastic modulus (MOR), but a little negatively affected on internal bond (16), physical properties were negatively increased thickness swelling (ThS) and water absorption (WA). Consequently, increasing zeolite minerals in MDF boards showed best results of formaldehyde emission properties of MDF.
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    Mechanical And Physical Properties Of Medium Density Fibreboard With Calcite Additive
    (SLOVAK FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH INST, 2020) Camlibel, Osman; Akgul, Mehmet
    In this study, it is investigated that are calcite filler can be used in the production of medium density fiberboard. Chips have been to the process of cooking for 4-5 minutes in Asplund defibrator with the vapor pressure of 7-7.5 bar, and 1800C temperature. 1.5% paraffin and 1% ammonium sulphate to be pulverized is added to fibers on the output of defibrillator and blowline line. Calcite fillers are prepared in a separate tank in order to use calcite instead of lignocellulosic fibers in the production of 1 m(3) MDF. After that, urea formaldehyde glue is prepared as three different solutions which include the calcite, respectively with 3% (20 kgm(-3)), 6% (40 kg-m(-3)), 9% (60 kg-m(-3)). The fibers are dried to moisture of 8%-12%. This press applies temperature about 185-190 degrees C and pressure about 32-34 kg-m(-2) to the mixture material for 270 seconds during pressing time. MDF panels (2100 x 4900 x 18 mm) were produced in the process. Both mechanical and physical experiments are performed on boards which are produced.
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    Sıcak pres parametrelerinin yongalevhanın fiziksel özellikleri ve formaldehit emisyonuna etkisi
    (2020) Camlibel, Osman
    Son yıllarda yongalevha üreticileri piyasa şartlarında rekabet edebilmek için kapasite artırarak üretim maliyetlerini azaltabilmeyi hedeflemiştir. Bu çalışmada, yonga levha üretim hattında %40 sarıçam (Pinus sylvestres L), %30 sapsız meşe (Quercus petraea L), %20 kavak (Populus alba L), %10 talaş ve 1:1.35 mol üre-formaldehit tutkalı kullanılmıştır. Proseste üretim parametreleri sabit kaldı. Tek değişken sıcak pres üretim parametreleridir. Sıcak pres parametrelerinden pres hızını ve pres sıcaklığını %15, %20, %25 artırmıştır. Üretilen levhaların fiziksel test ve formaldehit emisyon performansları ölçüldü. Referans levhalar baz alınarak tüm testler yapılmıştır. Her bir test grubundan beş levha ölçülmüştür. Tüm fiziksel testler; levha yoğunluğu (T; 622 gr/cm³, T2; 624.6 gr/cm³, T3; 630 gr/cm³, T4; 630 gr/cm³), kalınlığına suda şişmesi 24 saat (T1; %15.24, T2; %13.8, T3; %16.46, T4; %15.46), 24 saat su alma (T1; %78.14, T2; 78.52, T3; 79.12, T4; 78.62) değerlerinde ölçülmüştür. Levhalardaki formaldehit emisyonu ölçmek için, TS EN 120 perforatör yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Formaldehit gaz emisyonu (T1; 14.53 mg/100gr, T2; 14.84 mg/100gr, T3; 15.16 mg/100gr, T4; 15,36 mg/100gr) analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, fiziksel test sonuçları diğer test grupları arasında küçük bir fark olduğu görülmektedir. Fakat levhaların formaldehit emisyonu test sonucu diğer test grupları arasında önemli farklar ölçülmüştür. Bu farklılıklar sıcak pres parametreleri (pres hızı, pressıcaklığı) ve 1:1.35 mol üre formaldehit tutkalından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.
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    Üre-Formaldehit Reçine Mol Oranının Yüksek Yoğunlukta Lif Levhanın (HDF) Mekanik Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri
    (2021) Camlibel, Osman; Akgül, Mehmet
    Bu çalışmada, yüksek yoğunlukta lif levha üretim hattında %50 sarı çam (Pinus sylvestres L), %30 köknar (Abies nordmanniana L), %20 kayın (Fagus orientalis L) R;1.17, X;0.98 ve Y; 0.88 mol üre-formaldehit tutkalı (ÜF) kullanılarak 7.7mmx2100mmx2440 mm HDF levha üretilmiştir. Proseste üretim parametreleri sabit kalmıştır. Tek değişken üç farklı mol oranlarında kullanılan üre formaldehit tutkalı olmuştur. Sıcak pres parametrelerinden pres hızını 950 mm/sn ve pres sıcaklığını 215ºC ve 60 saniye presleme süresi parametrelerinde üretim gerçekleşmiştir. Üretilen A, B, C HDF levhaların yoğunluğuna ve mekanik testlerinin (eğilme mukavemetine, eğilmede elastikiyet modülüne ve levha düzlemine dik çekme mukavemeti) performans testlerine bakılmıştır Her bir test grubundan beş levha ölçülmüştür. HDF levhalarının özgül ağırlığı (A; 870.4 kg/m³, B; 875.6 kg/m³. C; 857.4 kg/m³), mekanik test ölçüm performansları, eğilme mukavemeti (A; 40.97 N/mm², B; 39.90 N/mm², C; 38.08 N/mm²), eğilmede elastikiyet modülü (A; 3814.2 N/mm², B; 3525 N/mm², C; 3356.6 N/mm²), çekme mukavemeti (A; 1.48 N/mm², B; 1.38 N/mm², C; 1.17 N/mm²) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda (A;1.17, B;0.98 ve C;0.88) üre formaldehit tutkalı kullanarak üretilen HDF levhalarına mekanik test sonuçlarına göre farklılıklar ortaya konulmuştur. Bu farklılıklar sebebi farklı mol oranlarında kullanılan üre formaldehit tutkalından kaynaklanmaktadır.
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    The Utilizing Rock Salt of Inorganic Filler in Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) Production
    (KASTAMONU UNIV, 2020) Camlibel, Osman; Akgul, Mehmet
    Aim of study: To research the usage opportunities of the inorganic rock salt mineral in MDF production. Area of study: The materials were collected rock salt from cankiri region, wood from the Western Black Sea region, respectively. The production was performed in a private company in Duzce. The tests were performed at Duzce Forest Faculty Laboratory and Gazi Woodworking Industrial Engineering Laboratory. Material and methods: In the Asplund Defibrator, chips were baked wtihin 7-7.5 bar vapor pressure and 180 degrees C temperature for 4-5 minutes. According to the weight of dry fiber, 1.5% paraffin was given before fibrillation, fibrillation later was given 1% ammonium sulfate solution. Inorganic fillers prepared in a separate tank in order to use rock salt instead of lignocellulosic fibers in the production of 1 m(3) MDF. After that urea-formaldehyde glue is prepared as three different solutions which include the rock salt respectively with 3% (20 kg), 6% (40 kg), 9% (60 kg). This press applies 185-190 degrees C temperature and 32-34 kg/cm(2) pressure to the mixture material in 270 second pressing time. MDF panels (2100x4900x18 mm) were produced in the process. Physical, mechanical and combustion tests experiments are performed over boards. Main results: MDF products which were added percent 3 with the rock salt have more performance than the other MDF panels in this study. Highlights: The usage of the rock salt with percent 3 is recommended in MDF products.