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Öğe An alternative source of probiotics: Water kefir(Wiley, 2023) Cufaoglu, Gizem; Erdinc, Ayse NurThe aim of this review was to compile the origin and distribution of water kefir, its production, microbial diversity, fermentation dynamics, health effects, and its place in national/international food legislation. Water kefir is a traditional, slightly carbonated fermented beverage with a lactic acid content of up to 2%. It is obtained by fermenting sugar by kefir grains, which are white or yellowish in color and translucent in appearance. The types of microorganisms in the water kefir differ depending on the sugar, carbon sources, and fermentation conditions. It has a complex microbiota mainly consisting of lactic acid bacteria, acetic acid bacteria, and yeasts. In addition, fermented water kefir contains various metabolites, including sugar, fruit-derived components, lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, carbon dioxide, mannitol, vitamins, and amino acids such as arginine. As a non-dairy fermented beverage, water kefir emerges as an alternative source of probiotics for individuals with lactose intolerance, people with dairy allergic reactions, and vegan consumers. However, although consumer demands have driven the food industry to increase the production of water kefir, the most common production still relies on the traditional method due to some difficulties in the industrial-scale production process. On the other hand, more in vitro and in vivo studies should be carried out to reveal the health benefits of water kefir.Öğe Bacteriophage Applications to Control Listeria monocytogenes in Foods(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2022) Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Cufaoglu, Gizem; Erol, IrfanFoods are playing a significant role in human infections and intoxications because they are frequent vehicles of some human pathogens. Animals are primary reservoir of many zoonotic diseases and can transmit pathogens via foods particularly with cross contamination during production and processing entire food chain. Due to lack of hygienic precautions during stable to table, contaminations of food and food products with Listeria monocytogenes can cause foodborne listeriosis. Bacteriophages were first described as bacteria-eating viruses. Compared to other antibacterial agents such as antibiotics and antiseptics, bacteriophages have a different and functional antimicrobial activity. Bacteriophages can be applied to living tissues without causing any harm due to their highly selective toxicity. This is the most important advantage when they compared with antibiotics and antiseptics. Rapidly growing bacterial resistance to antibiotics and urgent need for development of alternative methods, increasing interest in using bacteriophages in treatment, and prophylaxes or as biocontrol agents in foods nowadays. In addition to the systems like HACCP and GMP for food safety from farm to table, the use of specific virulent bacteriophages for Listeria monocytogenes in order to reduce the bacterial load in foods of animal origin emerges as promising method. It is reported that the use of specific virulent bacteriophages to Listeria monocytogenes as a biocontrol and decontamination agent in foods, don’t cause any side effects in humans. Although there are many advantages of bacteriophages such as specificity, effectiveness and showing no toxicity to humans, they have some disadvantages that limit their usage as a decontamination agent. Therefore, further studies should focus on improving the efficiency of lytic activity of bacteriophages to increase the reduction level of pathogens in different food models. Being not cost effective and easy to isolate from different sources make bacteriophages appropriate to be used in various forms such as mixing in food, spraying, attaching to food packaging material or dipping food in phage water alone and/or together with other inhibitors. The phages can prolong the shelf life of foods significantly. In addition to these, they can also be used for the decontamination of the surfaces of food processing plants, treatment of wastewater, and also phage therapy in human and animal diseases including listeriosis, since the world is entering most likely to a post antibiotic era because of rapid increase in antibiotic resistance of pathogens due to imprudent use of antimicrobials. © 2022 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.Öğe Biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat salad using a lytic bacteriophage(Polish Soc Veterinary Sciences Editorial Office, 2017) Cufaoglu, Gizem; Onaran, Bahar; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Goncuoglu, Muammer; Ormanci, Fatma SedaE. coli O157:H7 is a life threatening foodborne pathogen associated with thousands of infections. Controlling such bacterial pathogens in raw and ready-to-eat foods has gained urgency with each passing day. The use of specific virulent bacteriophages as a biocontrol agent on minimally processed foods is an effective, natural and non-destructive treatment. This study was aimed at determining the efficiency of a lytic bacteriophage against E. coli O157:H7 in ready-to-eat salads. For this purpose, E. coli O157:H7 NCTC 12900 (EC00) and nalidixic acid resistant E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895 (NA-EC95) were used as the model bacterium in decontamination trials of mayonnaise based ready-to-eat salads which are consumed without any heating process and include beans, carrots, potatoes, pickled cucumbers and salami. A previously described phage M8AEC16 which was classified in Myoviridae family was used as the biocontrol agent. The highest reductions were observed at 22 degrees C storage conditions. Reductions reaching up to 2.7 log cfu/g of viable E. coli O157:H7 counts were observed in the beginning of the storage period. The findings of the study showed that phage M8AEC16 can be used as a biocontrol agent in the decontamination of E. coli O157:H7 in such mayonnaise based ready-to-eat salads.Öğe Characterization of toxigenic genes of Bacillus cereus strains isolated from different spices sold in Algeria(Springer, 2024) Madouri, Redhwane; Ziane, Mohammed; Benaceur, Farouk; Cufaoglu, GizemMany cooked foods are prepared with spices and dried herbs; these can be contaminated by several types of microorganisms, including aerobic spore-forming bacteria. The Bacillus cereus group is very widespread in nature and is known among the common food contaminants. They are involved in food poisoning, causing two types of syndromes, diarrheal and emetic. The aims of the present work were to determine the prevalence of toxigenic Bacillus cereus spores in spices and herbs marketed in the Laghouat area and to identify their toxigenic genes via PCR. Among the 191 samples, 14.13% were determined to be B. cereus, with concentrations ranging from 2.52 to 5.82 log cfu/g, where the highest level of contamination was observed in allspice and ginger. Moreover, entFM (100%), nhe (88.23%) and cytK (70.58%) were the most frequently identified toxin genes, whereas hbl (23.52%) was less common, and no emetic toxin-encoding gene (cesB) was found in any of the samples. Considering the results of the present study, the B. cereus microbial load and toxin gene profiles of spices show that spices have potential for public health in Algeria. In this context, it is crucial to guarantee the microbiological safety of spices by respecting good hygiene practices, eliminating bacterial spores and toxin production via sterilization and using appropriate packaging for these products.Öğe Comparative analyses of milk and water kefir: Fermentation temperature, physicochemical properties, sensory qualities, and metagenomic composition(Elsevier, 2023) Cufaoglu, Gizem; Erdinc, Ayse NurMilk and water kefir have been attractive to consumers as health-promoter fermented beverages. Although both are called kefir, they differ in physicochemical and microbial properties. In this study, we aimed to compare milk and water kefir in terms of biomass increase, physicochemical properties, sensory qualities, and microbial loads incubated at different incubation temperatures (20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 30 degrees C) to mimic approximate room temperatures in various seasons. Additionally, the microbial diversity of the grains was compared through metagenomic analysis. The results showed that the biomass increase, physicochemical properties, and sensory analysis of milk kefir grains depended on the fermentation temperature (p < 0.05); while in general, water kefir was not affected by the fermentation temperature. The highest total dry matter, protein, and fat content, and the least acidity were recorded at 20 degrees C in milk kefir drinks (p < 0.05). Around 8 and 6 log CFU/ml microorganism loads (Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., yeasts, total aerobe, and anaerobe bacteria) were recorded for milk and water kefir drinks, respectively, regardless of the temperature. Bifidobacterium load was recorded as the lowest for both kefir drinks. The dominant species of bacteria and yeasts were determined as Lactobacillus parakefiri (21.28%) and Geotricum silvicola (65.10%) in milk kefir grain, and Lactobacillus nagelii (95.69%) and Dekkera bruxellensis (95.24%) in water kefir grain, respectively. The study showed that milk and water kefir differ in terms of physicochemical, sensory, and microbial aspects. Despite its low protein content, water kefir would be a probiotic substitute for milk kefir due to its probiotic features for vegans or people with lactose intolerance.Öğe Does Food Safety Knowledge Affect Attitudes and Practices? A Preliminary Study of Turkish Veterinary Students(Univ Toronto Press Inc, 2023) Cufaoglu, Gizem; Ambarcioglu, Pinar; Adaca, Aytac UnsalThis study aimed to evaluate effects of the food safety courses that veterinary medicine students take during their education at Kirikkale University, Turkey, on the students' food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices. A questionnaire comprising demographic, knowledge, attitudes, and practices sections was developed, and eight experts performed the clarity test. The questionnaire was pilot-tested by 35 students. The final questionnaire was conducted among Kirikkale University first-year (freshmen) and fifth-year (senior) veterinary medicine students (n = 224). According to logistic regression analysis results, seniors were 2.8 times more likely than freshmen to have high-level knowledge. However, regardless of students' grades, knowledge level was not observed to correlate with students' behaviors. Additionally, no significant relation was found between knowledge level and gender, food safety career plan, or food poisoning experience (p > .05). Conspicuously, students who lived in a village before entering university were 5.3 times more likely to have high-level knowledge than those who lived in a city center. Overall, this study shows that food safety courses in the curriculum lead to an increase in students' level of food safety knowledge. However, although an increase in knowledge level positively influenced food safety attitudes, students had problems putting their knowledge and attitudes into practice. This may be overcome by focusing on practical courses that teach students how to apply learned knowledge in daily life.Öğe Effect of kefir consumption on intestinal microbiota and some blood parameters in Angora cats(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2022) Kabakci, Ruhi; Cufaoglu, Gizem; Sen, GokhanProbiotics are one of the best alternatives to improve gut health. Kefir, which was discovered in the North Caucasus centuries ago, is still consumed frequently today due to its health benefits. Its impacts on the gastrointestinal system have begun to be investigated in animals. In this study, we focused to examine the effect of kefir on intestinal microbiota, some hematological parameters, and fecal quality in Angora cats to provide preliminary data regarding the hypothesis of its use as an alternative probiotic food supplement. Commercial kefir was given orally (30 mL/kg) to seven healthy Angora cats for 14 days. On day 0 and day 14, fresh feces and blood of the cats were collected. The results showed that two-week kefir consumption significantly increased the number of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lactococci, lactobacilli, and yeast in the gut microbiota (p < 0.05). Also, a significant decrease was recorded in the number of enterococci (p 0.05). Measured hematological parameters (WBC, RBC, HGB, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT) were not affected during the experiment (p 0.05). Additionally, no significant changes were recorded in the body weights, body condition scores, fecal scores, and fecal water contents (p 0.05). Daily kefir consumption positively altered the intestinal microbiota of Angora cats by increasing the total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, lactococci, lactobacilli, and yeast. Moreover, no detrimental effect was observed in the blood parameters, body condition scores, and fecal quality. Therefore, it could be suggested that including kefir in Angora cats??? daily diets can improve their health conditions.Öğe Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in raw meatballs and phage control of L. monocytogenes(Vup Food Research Inst, Bratislava, 2021) Goncuoglu, Muammer; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Cufaoglu, Gizem; Cengiz, GorkemRaw meatball (cig kofte, CK) is a traditional ready-to-eat product that is commonly consumed in Turkey. This appetizer poses a great risk in terms of containing foodborne pathogens due to the ingredients contained, such as ground beef. In this study, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes strains previously isolated from CK were characterized. Out of 27 E. coli O157 isolates, 13 were identified as E. coli O157:H7. In all of E. coli O157:H7 isolates, eaeA, hly, fliCh7, espA, lpfA(1-3) and six genes were detected. All L. monocytogenes isolates (n = 4) were identified as serotype 1t2a or 3a. In addition to strain characterization, efficacy of a cocktail of lytic bacteriophages on L. monocytogenes in CK food model was investigated in order to demonstrate an alternative method to combat this pathogen. Samples contaminated with 2.30 log CFU.g(-1) in the phage-applied group, L. monocytogenes was not detected from the very first hour of incubation. The highest reduction was observed as 2.35 log CFU.g(-1) after incubation of 3 h when the multiplicities of infection was 4.14 log PFLI-CFU(-1)g(-1). This study showed that L. monocytogenes counts could be reduced to acceptable levels by bacteriophage application in a complex food like CK.Öğe An investigation on biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by a bacteriophage cocktail in pastirma(Ankara Univ Press, 2019) Cufaoglu, Gizem; Derinoz, Askin Nur; Ayaz, Naim DenizIn this study, it was aimed to investigate the biocontrol of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in pastirma (a traditional Turkish meat product produced and consumed without heat treatment) by bacteriophages. A cocktail was prepared from two pre-characterized phages which were isolated from cattle slaughterhouse wastewaters and were found to have lytic activity against E. coli O157: H7. The phage cocktail at a concentration of 10(9) pfu/ml was applied to pastirma slices which experimentally contaminated at 6,9 x 10(3) cfu/ml and incubated for one week at room temperature (22-24 degrees C). During the incubation period, reduction effects of bacteriophages on E. coli O157: H7 were investigated on certain times and days. As a result, the phage cocktail was able to reduce the bacterial count approximately 2 log cfu/g in the bacteriophage applied group, therefore the number of E. coli O157: H7 decreased and remained below the detection limit (< 10 cfu/g) during the experiment. The bacteriophage cocktail consisting of phage M8AEC16 and phage M12BEC16 has been found to be effectively usable for biocontrol of E. coli O157:H7 in pastirma.Öğe Meta-analysis of the prevalence of Listeria spp. and antibiotic resistant L. monocytogenes isolates from foods in Turkey(Elsevier, 2021) Cufaoglu, Gizem; Ambarcioglu, Pinar; Ayaz, Naim DenizDue to its ability to survive in challenging conditions, Listeria species have been isolated in almost all kinds of foods. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Listeria spp. and antibiotic-resistant L. monocytogenes isolates in all types of foods reported in Turkey using meta-analysis. Overall, 103 publications included to this study. The most frequently studied food types were chicken meat, ground beef, deli meat, ready-to-eat foods, cheese, and raw bovine milk, for which the pooled prevalence for L. monocytogenes were found 19.1% (95% CI:15.2%-23.7%), 13.9% (95% CI:9.7%-19.5%), 6.5% (95% CI:4.1%-10.2%), 5.2% (95% CI:3.4%-8.0%), 4.7% (95% CI:3.4%-6.5%), and 2% (95% CI:1.2%-3.1%), respectively. For the same food types the prevalence for Listeria spp. were 62.3% (95% CI:55.2%-69%), 74.9% (95% CI:53.4%-88.6%), 16.8% (95% CI:10.7%-25.5%), 16.6% (95% CI:11.0%-24.3%), 11.0% (95% CI:7.1%-16.8%), and 5.6% (95% CI:3.5%-9%), respectively. For the most preferred antibiotics in listeriosis treatment the mean prevalence of penicillin, ampicillin and gentamicin resistance were found 30.4%, 27.2% and 8.3%, respectively. The rates differed among food types, however they showed that there is a potential risk in terms of public health. The results compiled herein contribute to the epidemiological surveillance of the presence and antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes from foods in Turkey.Öğe Microbiological characterization of cig kofte sold at retail in Ankara, Turkey, and evaluation of selected antimicrobials as ingredients to control foodborne pathogens in cig kofte during refrigerated storage(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Ghazzi, Marya; Porto-Fett, Anna C. S.; Ayaz, Naim D.; Ozansoy, Gorkem; Cufaoglu, Gizem; Goncuoglu, Muammer; Luchansky, John B.We monitored the occurrence and fate of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, E. coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, and/or Salmonella spp. in cig kofte (translated as "raw meatball") purchased from establishments in Turkey or prepared and inoculated in our laboratory. Of the 24 beef and 144 vegetarian samples of cig kofte purchased, Salmonella were recovered from the vegetarian samples (1 of 24 samples), but not from the samples containing beef (<= 2.3 log CFU/g detection limit). L. monocytogenes were recovered from 2 of 24 beef (8.3%) and 2 of 144 vegetarian (1.4%) samples of cig kofte, whereas E. colt O157 were recovered from 5 of 24 meat (20.8%) and 21 of 144 vegetarian (14.6%) samples of cig kofte tested. Levels of total aerobic bacteria ranged from 3.7 to 9.0 log CFU/g, whereas levels of Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms ranged from 2.3 to 7.3 log CFU/g. In our laboratory, finely-ground beef (93:7%, lean:fat) was separately inoculated (ca. 4.0 log CFU/g) with multi-strain cocktails of STEC, Salmonella spp., or L. monocytogenes and then mixed with either bulgur wheat alone or with bulgur wheat along with tomato sauce, vegetables, and various spices. Next, aliquots of buffered vinegar (BV) or distilled white vinegar (DV; 5% acidity) were added as antimicrobials to the inoculated batter to deliver 0, 2.5, or 5.0% (vol/wt) of the antimicrobial. The resultant batter was shaped into ca. 15 g balls by hand and stored at 4 or 15 degrees C. When cig kofte was formulated with or without spices and with or without antimicrobials, pathogen numbers remained relatively unchanged after 3 days of storage at 4 degrees C. In contrast, when cig kofte was formulated without spices and without antimicrobials, pathogen levels increased by ca. 0.2 to 0.9 log CFU/g, respectively, after 3 days at 15 degrees C. When product was formulated with spices, in the absence of antimicrobials, STEC and L. monocytogenes levels decreased by ca. 03 and 0.7 log CFU/g, respectively, whereas Salmonella spp. increased by ca. 0.3 log CFU/g after 3 days at 15 degrees C. Thus, the formulation of cig kofte used in this study did not support growth (<= 1.0 log CFU/g) of either STEC, Salmonella spp., or L. monocytogenes. Our data also confirm that pathogens can be recovered on occasion from cig kofte sold at restaurants and at retail in Turkey, as well as highlight the importance of proper formulation, handling, and storage practices to ensure its safety. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd.Öğe Mono- and Mixed-Species Biofilm Formation by Salmonella Infantis, Salmonella Kentucky, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis(Istanbul Univ-Cerrahpasa, 2021) Cufaoglu, Gizem; Onaran Acar, Bahar; Cengiz, Gorkem; Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Goncuoglu, MuammerIt is crucial to understand the interactions between food-borne pathogens, as they are commonly encountered as multi-species biofilms in the food industry. Since Salmonella and Enterococcus are both found in poultry intestinal micro-biota, the multi-species biofilms of these strains gain more significance. This study aimed to reveal the synergistic and antagonistic effects of mono- and mixed-species biofilms of Salmonella Infantis, Salmonella Kentucky, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis on each other. Biofilm formation of mono- and mixed-species at different concentrations (10(9), 10(7), 10(5), and 10(3) cfu/mL) were determined in Tryptic Soy Broth using polystyrene microplates at room temperature (21 +/- 1 degrees C) for 48 hours. According to the optical density measured at 590 nm, S. Infantis was determined as a strong biofilm producer, and S. Kentucky and E. faecium were defined as weak biofilm producers under the conditions applied in the study. No biofilm formation was observed in E. faecalis. In addition, while S. Infantis and S. Kentucky exhibited an antagonistic effect on each other when co-incubated, a synergistic effect was seen between the S. Infantis and Enterococcus spp. This study highlights the impact of microbial interactions in mixed-species biofilm formed by foodborne pathogens, and could help in future studies on combating biofilms, especially in poultry-based food processing environments.Öğe Plasmid-Mediated Colistin Resistance in Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cattle and Sheep Isolates and Whole-Genome Sequence of a Colistin-Resistant Sorbitol Fermentative Escherichia coli O157:H7(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2019) Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Cufaoglu, Gizem; Yonsul, Yesim; Goncuoglu, Muammer; Erol, IrfanThe aims of this study were to investigate the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, and mcr-5), phenotypic colistin resistance in Escherichia coli O157:H7(+)/H7(-) strains isolated from cattle and sheep, and whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis of colistin-resistant sorbitol fermentative E. coli O157:H7. According to the results, 5 of the 49 isolates were found to harbor mcr-2 and/or mcr-3 genes. Three isolates, including a sorbitol fermentative E. coli O157:H7, were found phenotypically resistant to colistin with a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 128 mu g/mL. The genome of sorbitol fermentative E. coli O157:H7 did not show 100% similarity to any of the other genome sequences found in the universal genome database. It has also been determined that this isolate carried 62 different antimicrobial resistance genes. This is the first report of plasmid-mediated mcr-2 and mcr-3 genes carrying E. coli O157:H7 from cattle and sheep isolates and WGS of a colistin-resistant sorbitol fermentative E. coli O157:H7. Findings of this study indicate that cattle and sheep can be an important source of colistin resistance in E. coli O157:H7, and slaughterhouse wastewater might be a significant route for dissemination of the plasmid-mediated colistin genes. Therefore, the use of colistin in veterinary medicine should be restricted to reduce the development of resistance. Also it may be necessary to review the non-sorbitol fermentation-based isolation protocol for not missing the sorbitol fermentative E. coli O157:H7 in epidemiological studies.Öğe Potential risk of Bacillus cereus in spices in Turkey(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Cufaoglu, Gizem; Ayaz, Naim DenizSpices are widely used all over the world in food preparation to give taste, smell and color as well as to preserve food products. Bacillus cereus is a common contaminant in spices which can cause food poisoning due to its toxins. This study focused on determining the presence of B. cereus as well as the toxin profiles of the strains. A total of 203 packaged and unpackaged spice samples were collected during the study. B. cereus prevalence was determined as 31.5%. Also, B. thuringiensis was identified in five samples (2.5%). The prevalence of B. cereus in non-irradiated spices (41.5%) was found significantly higher than the irradiated ones (20.7%) (p < 0.05). Moreover, the isolates were examined for nine toxin genes, and entFM (94%) was found as the most abundant gene, followed by cytK (60%) and hblD (60%) genes. No cesB gene was found in isolates. Among the strains only a B. thurgiensis isolate was found to have eight toxin genes. The results show that B. cereus is a potential public health risk in spices. Considering the possibility of contamination of foods by B. cereus via spices, effective decontamination methods should be applied and precautions should be taken to control growing of B. cereus and forming toxins during food preparation and pre-serving stages.Öğe Prevalence and Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Beef and Sheep Carcasses in Turkey with Characterization of Locally Isolated Listeriophages as a Control Measure(Int Assoc Food Protection, 2018) Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Onaran, Bahar; Cufaoglu, Gizem; Goncuoglu, Muammer; Ormanci, Fatma Seda; Erol, IrfanSwab samples from cattle and sheep carcasses (120 of each) were tested for Listeria monocytogenes, and 120 slaughterhouse wastewater samples were tested for listeriophages over 12 months (10 samples per month) to note the seasonal distribution. L. monocytogenes and bacteriophage isolates were characterized, and the biocontrol of L. monocytogenes was investigated in meatballs with a phage cocktail. L. monocytogenes was found in 3.4 and 2.5% of cattle and sheep carcasses, respectively. All the isolates were found to harbor hlyA, actA, inlA, inlB, inlC, inlJ, plcA, plcB, fbpA, and fri genes with varied mRNA expression levels by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analysis. Five isolates did not harbor the vip gene. According to enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR, L. monocytogenes isolates were classified into four different groups based on their DNA patterns. The L. monocytogenes isolates were characterized for antibiotic susceptibility; one strain was found to be resistant to five different antibiotic classes. Of 11 lytic listeriophages, two were selected for the cocktail based on their DNA restriction profiles, efficiency of plating, transmission electron microscopy, and in vitro and in vivo analyses. In the biocontrol study, we used a food model that consisted of a novel bacteriophage cocktail in raw meatballs. The highest reduction of L. monocytogenes was recorded as 2.2 log CFU/g at a multiplicity of cellular infection of 4.7 at the end of 1 h. In conclusion, the new bacteriophage cocktail in this study can be considered an efficient biocontrol agent of L. monocytogenes in meatballs.Öğe Significance of Listeria monocytogenes as a Food-Borne Bacterial Pathogen(Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2022) Ayaz, Naim Deniz; Cufaoglu, Gizem; Erol, IrfanListeria monoytogenes is an intracellular, zoonotic foodborne bacterium which causes listeriosis in humans. Due to widespread tolerance in natural conditions, growth at refrigerator temperature and broad pH spectrum provides difficulty in controlling bacterial growth and storage. Among 13 serotypes, 1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c and 4b are the main serotypes causing infections in humans. It was stated that the serotype 4b is responsible for 30-50% of sporadic listeriosis cases in humans worldwide. However, in most countries serotype 1/2a is more frequently isolated from foods. Listeria monocytogenes is the only pathogen species of Listeria for humans which causes mild flu-like symptoms to meningitis, meningoencephalitis, septicemia, conjunctivitis and pneumonia. Although salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are more common foodborne bacterial diseases worldwide, listeriosis is distinguished with high mortality rate up to 20-30%. Epidemiologic studies have revealed that a significant proportion of cases of listeriosis caused by contaminated foods. The growth potential of Listeria monocytogenes in meat and meat products particularly in poultry meat, depends on the type of product, the pH, the number and type of microorganisms found in microflora. There are many studies indicating that chicken and turkey meat are significant sources of Listeria monocytogenes. Regarding to foodborne Listeria monocytogenes infections, ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, unpasteurized milk and dairy products, raw meat and meat products and salads take place as the main risk groups of foods. The slaughtered animals may carry Listeria monocytogenes both symptomatically or asymptomatically, or the meat can be contaminated during or after the slaughtering process. On the other hand, it has been reported that sea products including shellfish (especially fresh and frozen mussels) and raw, salted or cold smoked fish are considered as high-risk foods for foodborne listeriosis. © 2022 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
