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Öğe Antibiotic resistance profile of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolated from broiler cloacal samples(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2017) Unal, Nilgun; Askar, Sinasi; Yildirim, MuratThe present study was performed to isolate and identify Enterococcus spp. from broiler cloacal samples to species level, to determine their resistance patterns to various antibiotics, and to detect vancomycin resistance genes. Cloacal samples of broilers collected from slaughterhouses were inoculated in Slanetz and Bartley agars with and without vancomycin (6 mu g/mL). Antibiotic resistance/susceptibility testing of the isolated and identified enterococci was performed by using the disk diffusion test. Multiplex PCR was used to identify the species and to detect vancomycin resistance genes. The majority of the isolated enterococci was Enterococcus faecium (60.43%, n = 142) and Enterococcus faecalis (33.62%, n = 79). E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum were identified from 8 (3.42%) and 6 (2.56%) isolates, respectively. It was found that 88.9% of the enterococci were resistant to tetracycline and 83.4% of them were resistant to erythromycin. As a result, none of the strains isolated from cloacal samples of broilers carried the vanA and vanB genes. It was observed that 54.9% of E. faecium isolates and 78.4% of E. faecalis isolates were multidrug resistant (resistant to 3 or more antibiotic groups). The lack of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus among the enterococci isolates was important for public health.Öğe Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Staphylococci Species Isolated from Milks, Teat Skins and Noses Mucous of Cows(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2010) Unal, Nilguen; Yildirim, MuratThe purposes of this study were to determine antibiotic resistance patterns of Staphylococcus spp. from isolated from milks, swabs from teat skins and noses mucosas of bovine in small and middle scale dairy farms. The samples were obtained from 109 head cows, randomly selected, reared in 14 small scale and 5 medium scale dairy farms in Kirikkale province. Isolation and identification of Staphylococci was made using biochemical tests and commercial micromethods (Crystal Gram-Positive Identification Kit, Becton Dickinson, USA). Resistance of Staphylococci spp. to various antibiotics were tested using disc diffusion test. Methicillin resistance of Staphylococci were determined using cefoxitin disc and oxacillin agar. Creature of beta-lactamase enzyme was detected using beta-lactamase (nitrocefin) identification stics (Oxoid). Forty-eight percent Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from bovine's milk samples in both small and medium scale dairy farms. S. aureus were isolated from in bovine's teat skin and noses mucosa swabs samples in small scale dairy farms, while S. aureus were not isolated from those of in middle scale dairy farms. It was applied to determine resistance by using 11 antibiotics which were blank to different antibiotic groups. Although the levels of resistance differed in origin of bovine' samples (noses mocosa-milk, between 19.5-49.5%), the highest percentage for resistance was obtained for penicillin. Methicillin resistant S. aureus was not isolated in this study. Of penicillin resistant Staphylococci, 92.7% (12) were found to be beta-lactamase positive.Öğe Development and validation of SYBR Green- and probe-based reverse-transcription real-time PCR assays for detection of the S and M segments of Schmallenberg virus(SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2020) Azkur, Ahmet Kursat; van der Poel, Wim H. M.; Aksoy, Emel; Hakze-van der Honing, Renate; Yildirim, Murat; Yildiz, KaderSchmallenberg virus (SBV), discovered in Germany in 2011, causes congenital malformations in ruminants. Reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) assays based on various segments of SBV have been developed for molecular detection. We developed alternative RT-rtPCR assays for SBV detection to avoid earlier reported mutations and hypervariable regions of the S and M segments of the viral genome. For SYBR Green-based detection of the S segment, theR(2)value and efficiency of the developed assay were 0.99 and 99%, respectively. For probe-based S segment detection, 2 assays were developed; the first had anR(2)value of 0.99 and 102% efficiency, and the second had aR(2)value of 0.98 and 86% efficiency. The probe-based M segment assay had anR(2)value of 1.00 and 103% efficiency. Detection limits of the RT-rtPCR assays with new primer sets were 10(2)and 10(1)copies/mu L for the S and M segments, respectively. Field samples from cattle and sheep were also used for primary validation of the developed assays. Our assays should be suitable for SBV detection in ruminants and for in vitro studies of various SBV strains.Öğe Epidemiological investigation of bovine tuberculosis infection dynamics in Turkey(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2022) Cakir, Sahin; Yildirim, Murat; Diker, Kadir Serdar; Keskin, Fevziye Ipek; Yuksel, Selcen; Deveci, Burak; Akcay, ErhanA national epidemiological research project was carried out to define the dynamics affecting the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infection in Turkey and to identify the risk factors. Official veterinarian (OV) and breeder original questionnaires were produced separately as part of this study to collect thorough data regarding the disease from the field. The number of questionnaires that needed to be filled out was decided by 95% confidence interval (CI) and 5% margin of error. The findings of 371 OV and 317 breeder questionnaires completed online across the country were analyzed. In addition, 28 outbreaks determined by random method were visited. To observe regional differences and field conditions, the opinions of OVs who monitored the disease and breeders were compiled. It was observed that the data obtained from both questionnaires was largely compatible. The main factors in the epidemiology of bTB infection were found to be effective fight, development of state policy, providing adequate financing, animal purchase, ear tagging and records, animal traders, animal markets, animal movements, conditional slaughtering, slaughterhouses, postmortem inspection, premise conditions, socio-economic impact, evaluation of raw milk, disease-free premises, compensation payments, and quarantine processes.Öğe Investigation of Antibodies Against Listeria monocytogenes in Ram and Ewes in Ankara Province(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2009) Gazyagci, Serkal; Yildirim, Murat; Babur, Cahit; Kilic, SelcukThis study was conducted on determination seroprevalance of listeriosis in sacrifial ewes and rams in Ankara. Antibody titers were detected against Listeria monocytogenes by Osebold Agglutination Test ( OAT). 112 sera of 205 were found as seropositive (%54.6) against Listeriosis. According to this study, Listeria monocytogenes was determined as a common disease in rams and ewes for sacrify in Ankara.Öğe Investigation on Efficacy of a Commercial Vaccine for Treatment of Leptospirosis in Cattle(Medwell Online, 2010) Gazyagci, Serkal; Yildirim, Murat; Kaygusuz, SedatThe aim of this study was to determinate leptospirosis in cattle and to investigate efficacy of a commercial vaccine in treatment of leptospirosis. Upon observing leptosipirosis specific clinical signs including haematuria and mucosal icterus in 2 heifers and mouse fleshes on the surface of the water reserve of the farm, the clinicians tentatively diagnosed the diseased heifers as leptosiprosis. In addition, 9 heifers had general clinical signs including fever, apathy and tachypnea. Blood samples were collected from 41 heifers kept in the farm, including those exhibiting specific and non-specific clinical signs. All clinically diseased heifers were seropositive for leptospirosis confirmed by Microagglutination Test (MAT). The antibody titers were 1/100 or above in 11 out of 41 heifers (26.8%). All 41 heifers were vaccinated with a specific commercial vaccine (Lepto Shield 5 (R)) developed against leptospirosis. At the forth day of vaccination, one of the diseased heifers died of acute leptospirosis while the others clinically recovered 8 days after vaccination and none of the seropositive heifers showed any clinical signs of the disease. No side effects were observed within a month following vaccination. The results of the present study suggest that Lepto Shield 5 (R) is effective not only for protection but also for treatment of leptospirosis in cattle.Öğe Isolation and identification of Clostridium difficile from cases of diarrhea in young farm animals, and the determination of antimicrobial susceptibility(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2021) Ozgen, Ediz Kagan; Yildirim, MuratClostridium difficile was isolated for the first time in 1935 from fecal samples of infants, although it was not until 1978 that its pathogenicity started to be considered, when it was shown to cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. In this study, it was aimed to determine the virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles of C. dificile in young ruminants with diarrhea and chickens fed on the farm. A total of 200 fecal samples (50 from calves, 50 from lambs and 50 from kid goats with neonatal diarrhea, as well as 50 cloacal swab samples taken from chickens) were taken and analyzed. C. difficile was isolated from 58 of the fecal samples (29.0%), being isolated from 35 of the fecal samples taken from calves (70.0%), 15 from lambs (30.0%), seven from kid goats (14.0%) and one from chickens (2.0%), and of these, 28 isolates were found to have toxigenic characteristics (48.2%) following species identification and toxin characterization. In the following stage, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed for a total of 24 toxigenic strains using the microbroth dilution method, and the toxigenic isolates were found to be resistant to ampicillin, cefoxitin, clindamycin, penicillin and tetracycline. The study identified the presence of toxigenic C. difficile in diarrhea cases in neonatal calves and lambs for the first time in our country.Öğe Isolation of a vanA Positive Enterococcus faecium from Commercial Broiler Farms in Turkey(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2010) Unal, Nilgun; Dilik, Zahide; Yildirim, MuratIn this study, the vanA gene indicating Vancomisin Resistance Enterococcus (VRE) was ascertained from swab samples (n=400) collected from commercial broiler farms. VRE was isolated only from a single sample and identified as Enterococcus faecium by the biochemical tests. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin was determined as >256 mu g/ml by E-test. Furthermore, the vanA gene was detected by PCR.Öğe Optimisation of Indirect ELISA by Comparison of Different Antigen Preparations for Detection of Antibodies Against Schmallenberg Virus(KAFKAS UNIV, VETERINER FAKULTESI DERGISI, 2020) Azkur, Ahmet Kursat; Aksoy, Emel; Yildirim, Murat; Yildiz, KaderSchmallenberg virus (SBV) infection, discovered in 2011, was reported in Europe including Turkey, Africa and recently in some Asian countries. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were widely used by researchers in many epidemiological studies and SBV diagnosis. The aim of this study was to optimise indirect in-house ELISA that is based on different antigen preparations of cell-culture derived whole SBV particle. Antigen preparations were maintained with various methods: PEG precipitation, ultracentrifugation, dialysis, and antigen inactivation. Following antigen optimisation, steps of antigen coating, blocking, conjugate and stop solution were optimised and in-house ELISA was compared to commercial indirect SBV ELISA kit. The best result in ELISA antigen preparation for SBV was gained by 30% PEG purification method followed by formaldehyde inactivation. Although results of this study demonstrated that in-house ELISA for detection of SBV specific antibodies was equally sensitive and specific as commercial kit, purified SBV antigen based in-house ELISA development could increase S/P ratios.Öğe Panton-Valentine leukocidin and some exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of staphylococci isolated from milks of small ruminants(Springer, 2012) Unal, Nilgun; Askar, Sinasi; Macun, Hasan Ceyhun; Sakarya, Fatma; Altun, Belgin; Yildirim, MuratThe aims of this study were to determine the existence of pvl gene, some toxin genes, and mecA gene in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from sheep milk and to examine antimicrobial resistance profiles in staphylococci from sheep and goats' milk. The milk samples were collected from 13 different small ruminant farms in Kirikkale province from February to August 2009. A total of 1,604 half-udder milk samples from 857 ewes and 66 half-udder milk samples from 33 goats were collected. Staphylococcus spp. were isolated and identified from the samples. Toxin genes and mecA gene among S. aureus strains were determined by PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci was examined by the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar, and interpreted according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The prevalence of subclinical intramammary infection in both ewes and goats was 5.2%. The most prevalent subclinical mastitis agents were coagulase-negative staphylococci and S. aureus with prevalences 2.8% (n:46) and 1.3% (n = 21), respectively. The prevalence of resistances in isolated Staphylococcus spp. to penicilin G, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and enrofloxacin were found as 26.9% (18), 7.5% (5), 6.0% (4), 3.0% (2), and 1.5% (1), respectively. Only 3 of the 21 S. aureus ewe isolates (13.4%) were shown to harbor enterotoxin genes being either seh, sej or sec. However, fourteen (66.6%) of the 21 S. aureus isolates had pvl gene while none of the isolates harbored mecA gene. In conclusion, Staphylococci were shown to be the most prevalent bacteria isolated from subclinical mastitis of ewes and goats and these isolates were susceptible to most of the antibiotics. In addition, S. aureus strains isolated from ewes were harboring few staphylococcal enterotoxin genes. However, Panton-Valentine leukocidin produced by S. aureus could be an important virulence factor and contribute to subclinical mastitis pathogenicity.Öğe The Potential Risk in Epizootiology of Bacterial Zoonozis: Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) Feces(Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2011) Askar, Sinasi; Sakarya, Fatma; Yildirim, MuratThe purposes of this study were to determine the profile of some Gram-negative bacteria in domestic pigeon intestinal microflora and isolated Enterococcus and E. coli strains to some antibiotics resistance were investigated by disc diffusion methods. For this purpose, cloacal swab samples were collected from a total of 215 pigeons from 8 different pigeon-houses, in Kirikkale, Turkey. A total of 180 isolates were obtained from 215 samples and these isolates were identified as 46% E. coli, 10% Enterobacter spp., 7% Shigella spp., 4.5% C. diversus, 3% K. ozoenae, % 1.5 B. dispar, 1% P. alcalifaciens, 1% S. rubidae and 25% Enterococcus spp. It was determined that the isolates of E. coli were not resistant to enrofloxacine and gentamicine, while, they were found resistant to ampicilin-sulbactam, nalidixic acide and oxytetracyclin at the rates of 70%, 49% and 64% respectively. Moreover, 42.3% of the E. coli strains were identified as positive for beta-lactamase activities.Öğe The Relationship of Coxiella burnetii Seropositivity Between Farm Animals and Their Owners: A Pilot Study(Medwell Online, 2010) Dogru, Aylin Kasimoglu; Yildirim, Murat; Unal, Nilgun; Gazyagci, SerkalQ fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetii. This study aimed to detect the relationship of C. burnetii seropositivity between farm animal owners and their animals. Blood serums of 20 farm animal owners, 32 cow and 88 sheep were investigated with indirect Immuno Fluorescent Assay (IFA) using C. burnetii phase I and II antigens. Milk samples of the same animals were tested for C. burnetii by PCR. The serological test results of animals and their owners were compared by statistically methods to reveal the interdependence and correlations. The seropositivities of IgG antibodies against C. burnetii were 90.0% for farm animal owners, 53.1% for cows and 63.6% for sheep. All of the animal owners were consuming dairy products made from their. own animals raw milk. However, as shown by PCR results, none of the tested cows and sheep were responsible for shedding of C. burnetii through their milks. Although, there was no correlation between the shedding pattern and serological results of animals, there was a significant correlation between the serological results of animals and their owners for both phase I and II antigens against C. burnetii. There are statistically important relationships between farm animals and their. owners about phase I and phase II IgG titration levels against C. burnetii. Moreover, there was close dependency between the presence of chronic C. burnetii infections in animals and their owners. On the other hand, serological results of milk samples are not in significant correlation with the serologically dependency of animals and their owners.
